ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Lorestan Bronze Plate Design Identification by Nondestructive Radiography Method and Image Processing by Means of Histogram Matching
Radiography is known as one of the oldest and most widely used nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques, where it introduces the most appreciated technique by producing images which are acting as unique fingerprint records of samples of interest. Among the interesting applications of radiography are archeological and art applications. In this research, radiography was implemented for identification of a damaged art-historical material. The sample was a brass plate belonging to Iran cultural heritage. The estimated age of the plate was about 3500 years. The plate was discovered in Lorestan province, where it is generally called “Lorestan bronze”. The plate was damaged seriously due to serious corrosion enviromental attacks, and recognition of the sample was considered as the major problem. The simple radiography method was quite helpful for the plate determination but the method suffered from some major drawbacks due to contrast and thickness measurements. The thickness measurement and corrosion/erosion evaluation were the vital components of the inspection. The image processing techniques and precise thickness measurement method were added to the digitized radiographs. For the digital image processing, a histogram matching algorithm and an edge detection method were used. After all, the resulted image showed an enhanced quality image of the original traces of the hammered design. The results showed that a good experimental setup of radiography along with the image processing technique can give a high quality radiographic image which is able to be used effectively for the identification of art antiques. The human evaluation results also confirmed the ability of the proposed method with a high degree of certainty.
https://jonsat.nstri.ir/article_360_acb4d00c6eab2cb1767a0eaca99d3d94.pdf
2013-02-19
1
8
Lorestan Bronze
Radiography
Image processing
Histogram Matching
E
Yahaghi
1
گروه فیزیک، دانشگاه بینالمللی امام خمینی، صندوق پستی: 5599-34149، قزوین ـ ایران
AUTHOR
A
Movafeghi
amovafeghi@aeoi.org.ir
2
پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هستهای، سازمان انرژی اتمی، صندوق پستی: 836-14395، تهران ـ ایران مرکز نظام ایمنی هستهای کشور، سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران، صندوق پستی: 1339-14155، تهران ـ ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sh
Ahmadi
3
پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هستهای، سازمان انرژی اتمی، صندوق پستی: 836-14395، تهران ـ ایران
AUTHOR
B
Rokrok
4
مرکز نظام ایمنی هستهای کشور، سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران، صندوق پستی: 1339-14155، تهران ـ ایران
AUTHOR
N
Mohammadzadeh
5
پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هستهای، سازمان انرژی اتمی، صندوق پستی: 836-14395، تهران ـ ایران مرکز نظام ایمنی هستهای کشور، سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران، صندوق پستی: 1339-14155، تهران ـ ایران
AUTHOR
N
Rastkhah
6
پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هستهای، سازمان انرژی اتمی، صندوق پستی: 836-14395، تهران ـ ایران مرکز نظام ایمنی هستهای کشور، سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران، صندوق پستی: 1339-14155، تهران ـ ایران
AUTHOR
E.H. Lehmanna, P. Vontobela, E. Deschler-Erbb, M. Soares, Non-invasive studies of objects from cultural heritage, nuclear instruments and methods in physics research A, 542 (2005) 68–75.
1
2. D. Bradley and D. Creagh, Physical techniques in the study of art, archaeology and cultural heritage, 1 and 2 Elsevier Publication (2006).
2
B.H. Stuart, Analytical techniques in materials conservation, John Wiley & Sons Ltd (2007).
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4. I.N.M. Wainwright, Examination of paintings by physical and chemical methods, department of communications, and held at the national gallery, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI)–Publications of Canada 26-28 October 1989 http://www.cci-icc.gc.ca/ accessed October (2008).
4
F. Casali, X-ray digital radiography and computed tomography for cultural heritage, Archeometriai Muhely (2006) 24-28.
5
6. B. Ghose and D.K. Kankane, Estimation of location of defects in propellant grain by X-ray radiography, NDT & E International, 41 (2008) 125-128.
6
7. K. Edalati, N. Rastkhah, A. Kermani, M. Seiedi, A. Movafeghi, In-service corrosion evaluation in pipelines using gamma radiography-a numerical approach, Insight the Journal of the British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing, 46, 7 (2004) 396-398.
7
8. EN 14096-1, Non-destructive testing– Qualification of radiographic film digitization systems–part 1: Definitions, qualitative measurements of image quality parameters, standard reference film and qualitative control, European Norm (2004).
8
9. M. Giannoulaki, V. Argyropoulos, Th. Panou, A. Moundrea-Agrafioti, P. Themelis, The feasibility of using portable X-Ray radiography for the examination of the technology and the condition of a metals collection housed in the museum of ancient messene, Greece, e-Journal of Science & Technology (e-JST) (2006) 48-63.
9
10. سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران، استانداردهای پایه حفاظت در برابر اشعه، معاونت نظام ایمنی هستهای کشور (1380).
10
مؤسسه استاندارد و تحقیقات صنعتی ایران، حفاظت در برابر پرتوهای یونساز و ایمنی منابع پرتو- استانداردهای پایه، استانداردهای ملی ایران، استاندارد شماره 7751 (1383).
11
12. K. Edalati, N. Rastkhah, A. Kermani, M. Seiedi, A. Movafeghi, The use of radiography for thickness measurement and corrosion monitoring in pipes, international journal of pressure vessels and piping, Elsevier Pub., 83 (2006) 736-741.
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13. G. Kajiwara, Examination of the X-ray piping diagnostic system using EGS4 (examination of the film and iron rust), Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on EGS, Tsukuba, Japan (Aug 2000) 199-208.
13
14. S.S. Lee, Thickness evaluation of pipes using density profile on radiographs, in 10th asia-pacific conference on non-destructive testing, Brisbane, Australia (2001) 17-21.
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15. J. Rheinlander and H. Christiansen, Using film density variations for determination of pipe thickness variation in gamma-ray radiography, Insight, 37(9) (1995) 691-694.
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16. U. Zscherpel, Film digitization systems for DIR: standards, requirements, archiving and printing, NDT. Net, 5, 5 (2003).
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17. A. Movafeghi, M.H. Krgarnovin, H. Soltanian-Zadeh, A radiographic calibration method for eddy current testing of heat exchanger tubes, Insight-Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring, 46(10) (2004) 594-597.
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18. A. Movafeghi, M.H. Krgarnovin, H. Soltanian-Zadeh, Flaw detection improvement of digitized radiographs by morphological transformations, Insight-Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring, 47(10) (2005) 625-630.
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19. P.K. Soltani, D. Wysnewski, K. Swartz, Amorphous selenium direct radiography for industrial imaging, international symposium on computerized tomography for industrial applications and image processing in radiology berlin, Germany (1999) 123-133.
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20. R.C. Gonzales and R.E. Woods, Digital image processing, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall Inc (2005).
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Production of 188-Re Sulphide Colloid for Knee Joints Arthritis Treatment and Acidity, Molar Ratio and Ultrasonic Time Optimization
In this study, 188-Re sulphide colloid was synthesized as a radiosynovectomy agent by reduction of sodium thiosulfate in the presence of perrhenate. The influences of the acidity, molar ratio and ultrasonic time on the colloid properties were investigated from 0.1 to 5 mol L-1; 5 to 70; and 10 to 60 min, respectively. The criteria for optimization of the influencing factors were the particle size and radiolabeling yield. Based on these factors the selected conditions were 1M HCl, thiosulfate to perrhenate molar ratio of 35 and 45 min for the ultrasonic time. The sizes of the particles were in the range of 1 to 5mm for more than 95% of the particles. The radionuclidic and radiochemical purity were found to be more than 99%. In addition, the synthesized colloid was stable for 5 days.
https://jonsat.nstri.ir/article_361_a52156be19d2457dfa09cc5262a14c52.pdf
2013-02-19
9
13
Rhenium Sulphide Colloid
Radiosynovectomy
Radiolabelling Yield
Radiochemical Purity
M. R
Davarpanah
1
پژوهشکده چرخه سوخت هستهای، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هستهای، سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران، صندوق پستی: 8486-11365، تهران ـ ایران
AUTHOR
B. Aziz
Kalantari
2
پژوهشکده چرخه سوخت هستهای، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هستهای، سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران، صندوق پستی: 8486-11365، تهران ـ ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
R
Nickzad
3
پژوهشکده چرخه سوخت هستهای، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هستهای، سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران، صندوق پستی: 8486-11365، تهران ـ ایران
AUTHOR
M
Ghannadi Maragheh
mghanadi@aeoi.org.ir
4
پژوهشکده چرخه سوخت هستهای، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هستهای، سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران، صندوق پستی: 8486-11365، تهران ـ ایران
AUTHOR
R. Klett, U. Lange, H. Haas, M. Voth, J. Pinkert, Review: radiosynoviorthesis of medium-sized joints with rhenium-186-sulphide colloid, Rheumatology, 46 (2007) 1531-1537.
1
2. Shyn-Jen Wang, Wang-Yu Lin, Bor-Tsug Hsich, Lie-Hang Shen, Zei-Tsan Tsai, Gann Ting, Furn F. Knapp Jr, Rhenium-188 sulphur colloid as a radiation synovectomy agent, Eur. J. Nucl. Med, 22 (1995) 505-507.
2
3. P.P. Venkatesan, S. Shortkroff, M.R. Zalustky, C.B. Sledge, Rhenium heptasulfide: a potential carrier system for radiation synovectomy, Nucl. Med. Biol., 17(4) (1990) 357-362.
3
4. Yu Junfeng, Yin Duanzhi, Min Xiaoteng, Guo Zili, Zhang Jiong, Wang Yong Xian, F.F. Knapp Jr, Preparation of rhenium sulfide suspension and its biodistribution following intra-tumor injection of mice, J. Labelled cpd. Radopharm., 42 (1999) 223-243.
4
5. Yanbao Yu, Yong Xian Wang, Mo Dong, Tunfeng Yu, Weiqing Hu, Wei Zhou, Xuezhong Yang, Duanzhi Yin, Preparation and stability of rhenium sulfide suspension with different particle size distributions, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 265(3) (2005) 395-398.
5
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Study of Oxygen Mass Transfer Coefficient in Microbial Leaching of Uranium
Oxygen mass transfer coefficient is one of the most important parameters in the design of aerobic process bioreactor, which is represented by the overall volumetric oxygen mass transfer. The purpose of this article was the investigation of the mass transfer coefficient in the vast range of operational parameters in a stirred tank reactor. The effects of cell concentration, stirred power consumption and apparent air velocity on the mass transfer coefficient show that oxygen mass transfer in microbial leaching of uranium and in this range of parameter is not limited in these experiments. The overall volumetric oxygen mass transfer was determined in the range of 36-84 hr-1. Agreements of the suggested mathematical correlation for predicting the mass transfer were also evaluated. The results showed that the equation based on the rpm and/or power consumption and apparent air velocity specifies a good agreement with the experimental results with the coefficient of determination of R2=94.2 and 93.4. It was concluded that the introduced models are suitable for evaluation of the mass transfer coefficient in the microbial leaching of uranium.
https://jonsat.nstri.ir/article_363_7b021eb4a25cbecba9f0b1b7e065e79c.pdf
2013-02-19
14
21
Mass Transfer Coefficient
Oxygen
Microbial Leaching
Uranium
Stirred Bioreactor
S
Zokaei Kadijani
1
دانشکده مهندسی شیمی، دانشگاه تهران، صندوق پستی: 4563-11155، تهران ـ ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
S. J
Safdari
jsafdari@aeoi.org.ir
2
پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هستهای، سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران، صندوق پستی: 8486-11365، تهران ـ ایران
AUTHOR
S. M. A
Mousavian
3
دانشکده مهندسی شیمی، دانشگاه تهران، صندوق پستی: 4563-11155، تهران ـ ایران
AUTHOR
A
Rashidi
rashidi@umz.ac.ir
4
پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هستهای، سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران، صندوق پستی: 8486-11365، تهران ـ ایران
AUTHOR
J.L. Casas Lopez, E.M. Rodriguez Porcel, I. Oller Alberola, M.M. Ballesteros Martin, J.A. Sanchez Perez, J.M. Fernandez Sevilla, Y. Chisti, Simultaneous determination of oxygen consumption rate and volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient in pneumatically agitated bioreactors, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 45 (2006) 1167-1171.
1
2. J. Petersen, D.G. Dixon, Modeling and optimisation of heap bioleach processes, In: Rawlings, D.E., Johnson, D.B. (Eds.), Biomining, Springer Verlag, Berlin (2006) 153–176.
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3. Pierre-Alain Ruffieux, Urs von Stockar, Ian William Marison, Measurement of volumetric (OUR) and determination of specific (qO2) oxygen uptake rates in animal cell cultures, Journal of Biotechnology, 63 (1998) 85–95.
3
4. D. Tromans, Modeling oxygen solubility in water and electrolyte solutions. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 39(3) (2000) 805–812.
4
5. J. Petersen, Determination of oxygen gas–liquid mass transfer rates in heap bioleach reactors, Minerals Engineering, 23 (2010) 504–510.
5
6. S. Aiba, A.E. Humphrey, N.F. Millis, Biochemical Engineering, Academic Press, New York (1973) 183.
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7. Y. Chisti, Mass transfer. In Encyclopedia of Bioprocess Technology: Fermentation, Biocatalysis, and Bioseparation; Flickinger, M. C. Drew, S. W., Eds.; Wiley: New York, 3 (1999) 1607-1640.
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8. H. Taguchi, A.E. Humphrey, Dynamic measurement of the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient in fermentation systems, J. Ferment. Technol. 44 (1966) 881-889.
8
9. M. Moo-Young, Ch.L. Cooney, A.E. Humphrey (Eds.), Comprehensive Biotechnology, 2, Pergamon Press, Oxford, (1985) 16.
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10. C.S. Ho, J.Y. Olshue (Eds.), Biotechnology Processes Scale-up and Mixing, American Institute of Chemical Engineering, (1987) 128.
10
11. A.-I. Galaction, D. Cascaval, C. Oniscu, M. Turnea, Prediction of oxygen mass transfer coefficients in stirred bioreactors for bacteria, yeasts and fungus broths, Biochemical Engineering Journal, 20 (2004) 85-94.
11
12. M. Boon, T.A. Meeder, J.J. Heijnen, K.Ch. Luyben AM, Influence of Oxygen Adsorption on the Dynamics ka Measurement in Three-Phase Slurry Reactor, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 40 (1992) 1097-1106.
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13. Van’t Riet K, Review of measuring methods and nonviscous gas–liquid mass transfer in stirred vessels, Ind Eng Chem Process Design Dev, 18 (1979) 357–364.
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14. CS Shin, MS Hong and J Lee, Oxygen transfer correlation in high cell density culture of recombinant E. Coli. Biotechnol Technol, 10 (1996) 679-682.
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15. D.R. Nielsen, A.J. Daugulis, P.J. McLellan, A novel method of simulating oxygen mass transfer in two-phase portioning bioreactors, Biotechnol Bioeng, 83 (2003) 735–742.
15
16. Felix Garcia-Ochoa, Emilio Gomez, Bioreactor scale-up and oxygen transfer rate in microbial process: An overview, Biotechnology Advanced, 27 (2009) 153-176.
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17. A. Rashidi, S.J. Safdari, R. Roosta-Azad, M.F. Foroghian, B. Rafizadeh, H. Zare-Tarakoli, Isolation of native acidithiobacillus strains from gachin uranium mine and evaluation their effects on uranium bioleaching, Second National Conference of Applied Microbiology (2011).
17
18. R.M. Atlas, Media for environmental Microbiology, 2th ed., Taylor & Francis (2005).
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19. JH. Rushton, EW. Costich, HJ. Everett, Power characteristics of mixing impellers: part I. Chem Eng. Prog, 46 (1950) 395-404.
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20. S. Katoh, F. Yoshida, Biochemical Engineering, Wily-VCH Velag, Germany (2009) 112-115.
20
21. G.A. Hughmark, Power requirements and interfacial area in gas–liquid turbine agitated systems, Ind Eng Chem Process Design Dev, 19 (1980) 638–641.
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22. D.S. Savic, V.B. Veljkovic, M.L. Lazic, M.M. Vrvic, J.I. Vucetic, Effects of the oxygen transfer rate on ferrous iron oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 23 (1998) 427-431.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Role of Target Mass Corrections in the Polarized Spin Structure Functions of Neutron and Deuteron
Lepton scattering of nucleon targets (DIS experiment) plays an essential role in the investigation of proton as a composite particle which consists of quarks and gluons. With the recent advances made in the precision of inclusive lepton-nuclear scattering experiments, it has become apparent that comparable improvements are needed in the accuracy of the theoretical analysis tools. In particular, when extracting parton distribution functions in the large-x region, it is crucial to correct the data by the effects associated with the non-zero mass of the target. In this paper, we present the effect of target mass corrections (TMCs) on the neutron and deuteron spin structure functions in the NLO QCD approximation.
https://jonsat.nstri.ir/article_364_44047c676e780e1d2f31786677df47e4.pdf
2013-02-19
22
27
Target Mass Corrections
Polarized Structure Functions
Neutron
Deuteron
Z
Hadadi
1
دانشکده فیزیک، دانشگاه سمنان، صندوق پستی: 35131-19111، سمنان ـ ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
A
Khorramian
2
دانشکده فیزیک، دانشگاه سمنان، صندوق پستی: 35131-19111، سمنان ـ ایران
AUTHOR
A.V. Sidorov and D.B. Stamenov, Target mass effects in polarized deep inelastic scattering, Mod. Phys. Letter A 21 (2006) 1991-1998 [arXiv:hep-ph/0604092].
1
2. J. Blumlein and A. Tkabladze, Target mass corrections for polarized structure functions and new sum rules, Nucl, Phys. B 553 (1999) 427-464 [arXiv:hep-ph/9812478].
2
3. B. Lampe and E. Reya, Spin physics and polarized structure function, Phys. Rept. 332 (2000) 1-163 [arXiv:hep-ph/9810270].
3
4. A.N. Khorramian, H. Khanpour, S. Atashbar Tehrani, Nonsinglet parton distribution functions from the precise next-to-next-to-next-to leading order QCD fit, Phys. Rev. D81 (2010) 014013 [arXiv:0909.2665 [hep-ph]].
4
5. S. Taheri Monfared, A.N. Khorramian, F. Arbabifar, S.A. Tehrani, The spin dependent parton distribution functions and their moments, Acta Phys. Polon. B41 (2010) 2921-2928.
5
6. A.N. Khorramian, S.A. Tehrani, F.L. Olness, S. Taheri Monfared, F. Arbabifar, Nonsinglet spin-dependent structure functions, Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 207-208 (2010) 65-68.
6
7. F. Arbabifar, A.N. Khorramian, S. Taheri Monfared, S.A. Tehrani, Spin-dependent structure function of He-3 and H-3, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A26 (2011) 625-626.
7
8. E143 collaboration [K. Abe et al.], Measurements of the proton and deuteron spin structure functions g1 and g2, Phys. Rev. D 58 (1998) 112003 [arXiv:hep-ph/9802357].
8
9. A.N. Khorramian, S.A. Tehrani, S. Taheri Monfared, F. Arbabifar, F.L. Olness, Polarized Deeply Inelastic Scattering (DIS) Structure Functions for Nucleons and Nuclei, Phys. Rev. D83 (2011) 054017 [arXiv 1011.4873].
9
10. Ingo Schienbein, A Review of Target Mass Corrections, J. Phys. G 35 (2008) 053101 [arXiv:hep-ph/0709.1775].
10
11. Y.B. Dong, Target mass corrections to proton spin structure functions and quark-hadron duality, Phys. Lett. B 641 (2006) 272-277.
11
12. H. Georgi and H.D. Politzer, Freedom at moderate energies: Masses in color dynamics, Phys. Rev. D14 (1976) 1829.
12
13.S. Taheri Monfared, A. Khorramian, S. Atashbar Tehrani, Z. Haddadi, Spin dependence of structure functions and target mass corrections, Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. (2011) 125-128.
13
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Estimated Dose of Electrons Emitted from Radon-222 Progenies Applying Variance Reduction Methods in ORNL Phantom
Radon is the main source of radioactivity in the environment. Scientific investigations revealed that after the smoking, radon ranked as the second cause of lung cancer. Despite the short half life of Radon-222, it is produced continuously in nature, as its main source is the decay of uranium-238 with the half life time of 4.5×109 years. Radon exists in air, mines, oil, natural gas, building materials and groundwater; therefore it may easily enter the lung through the inspiratory system and emits alpha, beta, gamma, X-ray and conversion electron. These particles and radiations which can deposit their energies in different organs are considered to be very harmful for the human health. Although, many houses have been built on a bed of granite rock, the exact assessment for the amount of radon in the residential houses has not yet been carried out. In this regard, a serious analysis is needed to be made in this field, in particular, for calculation of different organs' absorbed dose of Radon and its progenies. In this study, Monte Carlo calculations have been made using MCNPX2.4.0 code and the variance reduction methods were applied for the calculations of the absorbed dose due to beta particle and the conversion electron from decay of Radon and its progenies. An effective dose rate of 5.93 µSvWLM-1 in this respect has been evaluated for the human body.
https://jonsat.nstri.ir/article_365_b27a6b8e10f36e640be05f6b2d6ffd2f.pdf
2013-02-19
28
36
222-Radon Progeny
Variance Raduction Method
ORNL Phantom
Dose of Electrons
Sh
Banari Bahnamiri
1
مؤسسه آموزش عالی طبری، صندوق پستی: 863-47135، بابل ـ ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
S. H
Miri Hakimabad
2
گروه فیزیک، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، صندوق پستی: 134-91735، مشهد ـ ایران
AUTHOR
R
Izadi Najafabadi
3
گروه فیزیک، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، صندوق پستی: 134-91735، مشهد ـ ایران
AUTHOR
UNSCEAR, Source and effect of ionizing radiation, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation. Report to General, Assembly with Annexes (2000).
1
2. James E. Martin, Physics for radiation protection, WILEY-VCH Veil Gmbh & K G Aa. Weinheim, ISBN: 3-527-40611-5 (2006).
2
3. William J. Makofske, Micheal R. Edelstein, Radon and the environment, Noyes Publications, Park Riddge, NJ (1988).
3
4. A. Abbasnezhad, Environmental impact and implication of Radon-222, and its urgency attention in Iran, Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 26 (2003) 17-31.
4
5. G.M. Kendall and T.J. Smith, Dose to organs and tissues from radon and its decay product, J. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 22 (2002) 389-406.
5
6. V.M. Markovich, D. Krstic, D. Nikezic, Gamma and beta doses in human organs due to radon progeny in human lung, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 135 (2009) 197–202.
6
7. Table of Radioactive Isotopes. Periodic Table linked to decay data for known isotopes of each element. Available on http://ie.lbl.gov/ education/ isotopes. html last accessed on December 15 (2008).
7
8. UNSCEAR, Source and effect of ionizing radiation, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation. Report to General, Assembly with Annex E (2006).
8
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Feasibility Study of Using PAGAT Polymer Gel Dosimeter for 3D Dosimetry Around the Reactor Core
An important problem for samples irradiation in research reactors is determination of three dimensional dose distributions in the vicinity of reactor core. Polymer gel dosimeters can be used to measure complex three dimensional dose distributions as well as the integrated dose accurately with no dependency on the dose rate. Furthermore, as they are tissue-equivalent, they may be used as a phantom. So far, polymer gel dosimeters have been used for photon, electron, proton, neutron and heavy ions, but there is a lack of application of polymer gel dosimeters for dosimetry of the mixed field of radiation of different linear ionization concentration. In this research, PAGAT polymer gel dosimeters are fabricated in the laboratory and then were irradiated with the mixed neutron gamma field from the fission process of the Tehran Research Reactor. The gel response was determined by the nuclear magnetic resonance imaging technique as a change in the relaxation rate (R2) of the gel dosimeters. The gel response as a function of normalized dose was investigated and a bi-exponential fitting was adjusted to the dose-R2 data. The region with a linear response, is called dynamic range. The slope of the region as the sensitivity of PAGAT gels to the normalized dose resulted from the neutron-gamma mixed field, was estimated to be 1.695 s-1. The results of this research showed that PAGAT polymer gel dosimeter is a useful tool for 3D dose distribution to determine the neutron gamma mixed field.
https://jonsat.nstri.ir/article_370_04fef6ab1e4b8e9eba4151be3f11b22f.pdf
2013-02-19
37
46
PAGAT Polymer Gel Dosimeter
Reactor Core
Neutron-Gamma Mixed Field
Dose Distribution
S.M
Abtahi
1
گروه پرتو پزشکی، دانشکده مهندسی هستهای، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، صندوق پستی: 1983963113، تهران ـ ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
S.M.
Aghamiri
2
گروه پرتو پزشکی، دانشکده مهندسی هستهای، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، صندوق پستی: 1983963113، تهران ـ ایران
AUTHOR
H
Khalafi
morteza22@yahoo.com
3
پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هستهای، سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران، صندوق پستی: 836-14395، تهران ـ ایران
AUTHOR
G.S. Ibbott, Application of gel dosimetry, Journal of Physics, Conference Series, 3 (2004) 58-77.
1
2. C. Baldock, Y. De Deene, S. Doran, G. Ibbott, A. Jirasek, M. Lepage, K.B. McAuley, M. Oldham, L.J. Schreiner, Polymer gel dosimetry, Phys. Med. Biol, 55 (2010) R1–R63.
2
3. M. Oldham, Baustert, C. Lordy, A.D. Smith, M. McJury, A.P. Warrington, M.O. Leach, S. Webby, An investigation into the dosimetry of a nine-field tomotherapy irradiation using BANG-gel dosimetry, Phys. Med. Biol, 43 (1998) 1113–1132.
3
4. Y. De Deene, Essential characteristics of polymer gel dosimeters, Journal of Physics, Conference Series, 3 (2004) 34-57.
4
5. Y. De Deene, C. Hurley, A. Venning, K. Vergote, M. Mather, B.J. Healy, C. Baldock, A basic study of some normoxic polymer gel dosimeters, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 47 (2002) 3441-3463.
5
6. M. Oldham, J.H. Siewerdsen, S. Kumar, J. Wong, D.A. Jaffray, Optical-CT gel dosimetry I: Basic investigations, Medical Physics, 40 (4) (2003) 623-634.
6
7. Tim Olding, Oliver Holmes, L. John Schreiner, Cone beam optical computed tomography for gel dosimetry I: scanner characterization, Phys. Med. Biol, 55 (2010) 2819–2840.
7
8. M. Hilts, A. Jirasek, C. Duzenli, Technical consideration for implantation of X-ray CT polymer gel dosimetry, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 50 (2005) 1727-1745.
8
9. M. Hilts, X-Ray computed tomography imaging of polymer gel dosimeters. in Preliminary Proceeding of DOSGEL 2006. Sherbrooke (Quebec), Canada: University of Sherbrooke. (2006).
9
10. A Crescenti Remo, Jeffrey C Bamber, Mike Partridge, Nigel L Bush, and Steve Webb, Characterization of the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient and its frequency dependence in a polymer gel dosimeter, Phys. Med. Biol, 52 (2007) 6747–6759.
10
11. Y. De Deene, Fundamentals of MRI measurements for gel dosimetry, Journal of Physics, Conference Series, 3 (2004) 87-114.
11
12. A.J. Venning, B. Hill, S. Brindha, B.J. Healy, C. Baldock, Investigation of the PAGAT polymer gel dosimeter using magnetic resonance imaging, Physics in Medicine and Biology Printed in the UK, 50 (2005) 3875-3888.
12
13. M. Lepage, K. McMahon, G.J. Galloway, Y. De Deene, S.A. Back, C. Baldock, Magnetization transfer imaging for polymer gel dosimetry, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 47 (2002) 1881-1890.
13
14. Cathrine Westbrook and Carolyn Kaut, MRI in Practice. frist ed, ed. Oseney Mead. Oxford, Londan: Oxford Blackwell Scientific Publications, (1993) 168-169.
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15. Jerrold T. Bushberg, J. Anthony Seibert, Edwin M. Leidhold, Jhon M. Boone, The essential physics of medical imaging Magnetic resonance imaging. second ed., Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins (1994).
15
16. M. Lepage, P.M. Jayasekera, S.A. Back, C. Baldock, Dose resolution optimization of polymer gel dosimeters using different monomers, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 46 (2001) 2665-2680.
16
17. Y. De Deene and C. Baldock, Optimization of multiple spin-echo sequences for 3D polymer gel dosimetry, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 47 (2002) 3117-3141.
17
18. Lars E Olssontll, Bengt A Wesuin, Annette Franssons, and Bo Nordellf, Diffusion of ferric ions in agarose dosimeter gels, Phys. Med. Bid., 37 (1992).
18
19. C. Baldock, R.P. Burford, N. Billingham, G.S. Wagner, S. Patval, R.D. Badawi, S.F. Keevil, Experimental procedure for the manufacture and calibration of polyacrylamide gel (PAG) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) radiation dosimetry, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 43 (1998) 695-702.
19
20. P.M. Fong, D.C. Keil, M.D. Does, J.C. Gore, Polymer gels for magnetic resonance imaging of radiation dose distributions at normal room atmosphere, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 46 (12) (2001) 3105-3113.
20
21. J. Uusi-Simola, S. Savolainen, A. Kangasm¨aki, S. Heikkinen, Study of the relative dose-response of BANG-3R polymer gel dosimeters in epithermal neutron irradiation, Phys. Med. Biol, 48 (2003) 2895–2906.
21
22. Jouni UusiSimola, Sami Heikkinen, Petri Kotiluoto, Tom Serén, Tiina Seppälä, Iiro Auterinen, Sauli Savolainen, MAGIC polymer gel for dosimetric verification in boron neutron capture therapy, Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 8 (2) (2007).
22
23. G. Gambarini, C. Birattari, C. Colombi, L. Pirola, G. Rosi, Fricke gel dosimetry in boron neutron capture therapy, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 101 (2002) 419-422.
23
24. G. Gambarini, V. Collia, S. Gay Petrovich, L. Pirola, G. Rosi, In-phantom imaging of all dose components in boron neutron capture therapy by means of gel dosimeters, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 61 (2004) 759–763.
24
25. G. Gambarini, S. Agosteo, S. Altieri, S. Bortolussi, M. Carrara, S. Gay, E. Nava, C. Petrovich, G. Rosi, M. Valente1, Dose distributions in phantoms irradiated in thermal columns of two different nuclear reactors, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 126 (1–4) (2007) 640–644.
25
26. S.M. Abtahi, M. Shahriari, M. Zahmatkesh, H. Khalafi, Investigation of the Response of PAGAT Polymer Gel Dosimeter for Thermal Neutrons, J. of Nuclear Sci. and Tech., 53 (2010).
26
27. A. Jirasek, M. Hilts, C. Shaw, P. Baxter, Experimental properties of THPC based normoxic polyacrylamide gels for use in x-ray computed tomography gel dosimetry. in DOSGEL 2006. Sherbrook (Quebec), Canada: University of Sherbrook (2006).
27
28. H. Gustavsson, A. Karlsson, S.A. Back, L.E. Olsson, P. Haraldsson, P. Engstrom, H. Nystrom, MAGIC-type polymer gel for three-dimensional dosimetry: intensity-modulated radiation therapy verification, Medical Physics, 30(6) (2003) 1264-71.
28
29. S.M. Abtahi, M. Shahriari, M.H. Zahmatkesh, H. Khalafi, Sh. Akhlaghpoor, S. Bagheri, A new approach to contrast enhancement in MAGICA gel dosimeter image with MRI technique, Iran. J. Radiat. Res., 6(3) (2008) 151-156.
29
30. Y. De Deene and C. De. Wagter, Artefacts in multi-echo T2 imaging for high-precision gel dosimetry: III. Effects of temperature drift during scanning, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 46 (2001) 2697-2711.
30
31. Y. De Deene, R. Van de Walle, E. Achten, C. De Wagter, Mathematical analysis and experimental investigation of noise in quantitative magnetic resonance imaging applied in polymer gel dosimetry, Signal Processing, 70 (1998) 85-101.
31
32. C. Baldock, M. Lepage, S.A. Back, P.J. Murry, P.M. Jayasekera, D. Porter, T. Kron, Dose resolution in radiotherapy gel dosimetry: effect of echo spacing in MRI pulse sequence, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 46 (2001) 449-460.
32
33. Y. De Deene, K. Vergote, C. Claeys, C. de Wagter, The fundamental radiation properties of normoxic polymer gel dosimeters: a comparison between a methacrylic acid based gel and acrylamide based gels, Phys. Med. Biol., 51 (2006) 653-673.
33
34. MATLAB®-The Language of Technical Computing. © 1994-2008 The Math Works Inc.
34
35. Joaquim P. Marques de Sá, Applied Statistics Using SPSS, STATISTICA, MATLAB and R. second ed, New York: Springer (2007).
35
36. Y. De Deene, P. Hanselaer, C. De Wagter, E. Achten, W. De Neve†, An investigation of the chemical stability of a monomer/polymer gel dosimeter, Phys. Med. Biol., 45 (2000) 859-878.
36
37. Helen Gustavsson, Sven A° J Ba¨ck, Joakim Medin, Erik Grusell, and Lars E Olsson, Linear energy transfer dependence of a normoxic polymer gel dosimeter investigated using proton beam absorbed dose measurements, Phys. Med. Biol., 49 (2004) 3847–3855.
37
A. Ertl, A. Berg, M. Zehetmayer, P. Frigo, High-resolution dose profile studies based on MR Imaging withpolymer BANGTM gels in stereotactic radiation techniques, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 18 (2000) 343–349.
38
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Microbial Recovery of Uranium from Low Grade Ore Deposit of 5th Anomaly of Saghand
Microbial leaching of uranium from Saghand low grade ore deposit by the acidiophilic mesophile acidithiobacillus ferrooxidants was investigated by changing the parameters such as pulp density, ferrous ions concentration as the resource of energy, initial pH of leaching solution and shaking speeds. The findings indicated that this strain is suitable for uranium recovery from the mentioned ore. About 60% of uranium could be recoverd in 50 hours by a pulp density of 2.5%(W/V). In the absence of microbial activity only about 5% of uranium was recoverd, and by the sulfuric acid leaching, only about 8.5% of uranium was extracted
https://jonsat.nstri.ir/article_371_eeb8a9f9dd6b2c066d7d1b2e49ce155b.pdf
2013-02-19
47
58
Microbial Leaching
Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans
Low-Grade Ore Deposit
Saghand
Uranium
S
A. Milani
salamdar@aeoi.org.ir
1
پژوهشکدهی چرخهی سوخت هستهای، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هستهای، سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران، صندوق پستی: 8486-11365، تهران ـ ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
H
Hamidian
2
گروه مهندسی معدن دانشکده فنی مهندسی دانشگاه آزاد واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران ایران
AUTHOR
B
Rezai
3
گروه مهندسی معدن، دانشکدهی فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه آزاد واحد علوم و تحقیقات، صندوق پستی: 143-14115، تهران ـ ایران
AUTHOR
S. Pal, D. Pradhan, T. Das, L.B. Sukla, G. Roy Chaudhury, Bioleaching of low-grade uranium ore using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Indian J. of Microb, 50 (2010) 70-75.
1
2. G. Rossi, Biohydrometallurgy, McGraw-hill, New York (1990).
2
3. I.G. Petrisor, I. Lazar, T.F. Yen, Bacterial mining, Petroleum Science and Technology, 25 (2007) 1347-1352.
3
4. M.J. Crawford, Mining technology for the new millennium, Mining Voice, 50 (1990) 28-34.
4
5. M.S. Choi, K.S. Cho, D.S. Kim, H.W. Ryu, Bioleaching of uranium from low grade black schists by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, World J. of Microb. and Biotech. 21 (2004) 377-380.
5
6. R. Guay, M. Silver, A.E. Torma, Microbiological leaching of a low-grade uranium ore by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Applied Microb. and Biotech, 3 (1976) 157-167.
6
7. A.K. Mathur and K.K. Dwivedy, Microbial leaching of uranium from low grade ores: a review, J. of Atomic Mineral Science, 2 (1994) 131-142.
7
8. M.P. Silverman and H.L. Ehrlich, Microbial formation and degradation of minerals, Advan. Appl. Microbiol, 6 (1964) 153-206.
8
9. J.A. Muñoz, F. Gonzalez, A. Ballester, M.L. Blazquez, Bioleaching of a Spanish uranium ore, FEMS Microb, Reviews, 11 (1993) 109-120.
9
10. Gregory J. Olson, Rate of Pyrite Bioleaching by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans: Results of an Interlaboratory Comparison, Applied and Environ. Microb., Mar (1991) 642-644.
10
11. Jayesh Doshisoumya Darshan Mishra, Bioleaching of Lateritic Nickel ore using Chemolithotophic Micro-Organisms (Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans), Bachelor,s Degree Thesis, Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Tech., Rourkela (2007).
11
12. N. Pradhan, K.C. Nathsarma, Srinivasa Rao, L.B. Sukla, B.K. Mishra, Heap bioleaching of chalcopyrite: A review, Minerals Eng. 21 (2008) 355-365.
12
13. Abhilash, K.D. Mehta, V. Kumar, B.D. Pandey, P.K. Tamarakar, Bioleaching-an Alternate Uranium Ore Processing, Energy Procedia (Asian Nuclear Prospects) )2010).
13
14. International Atomic Energy, Uranium extraction technology, Vienna (1993).
14
15. B. De Vivo, Uranium geochemistry, mineralogy, geology, exploration and resources, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (1993) 10-45.
15
16. S. Mortazavi, M. Karimi, R. Kadkhodaie, S. Rahimi, Biotechnology, Industrial Micro-biology, Ferdosi University Publication (1996) 114-120.
16
17. Jong un lee, Sung Min Kim, Kyoung Woong Kim, In S. Kim, Microbial removal of uranium in uranium-bearing black shale, Elsevier, Chemosphere (2005) 147-154.
17
18. R.O. Burt, Gravity concentration from bench scale to plant, Canadian Mine Proce, Ottawa, (1976) 21.
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19. P.A. Laxen, A fundumental study of the dissolution in acid solution of uranium minerals from south african ores, Pretoria (1973).
19
20. K. Memar, Mineralogy and petrochemistry of a part of saghand area, central iran, Ph.D thesis university of Bombay (1991) 1-43.
20
21. M. Kiaie, Uranium and thorium processing investigation in Saghand-Anomaly 5, Master Degree Thesis, Bahonar Uni., (2000) 26-36.
21
22. M. Gafari, M. Eskandari, Determination of optimum process of ball mill variables, Bachelor,s Degree Thesis, Bahonar Uni., Zarand Faculty (2008) 42-50.
22
23. E. Jorjani, The desulfurization studies of Tabas coal mine(C1 seam) with chemical or biological methods based on characterization studies, Azad university, Science and Research branch, Ph.D. Thesis (2003) 121-122.
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24. J.E. Dutrizac and J.C. Mac Donald, Ferric ion as a leaching medium, Miner. Sci. Eng., 6 (1974) 59-100.
24
25. Hong Peng, Yu Yang, Xuan Li, Guanzhou Qiu, Xueduan Liu, Jufang Huang, Yuehua Hu, Structure analysis of 16S rDNA sequences from strains of acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 39(2) (2006) 178-182.
25
26. M. Nemati, S.T.L. Harrison, G.S. Hansford, C. Webb, Biological oxidation of ferrous sulfate by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans: a review on the kinetic aspects, Biochem Eng J., 1 (1998) 171-190.
26
27. J.A. Mufioz, A. Ballester, F. Gonzilez, M.L. Bliizquez, A study of the bioleaching of a Spanish uranium ore. Part II: Orbital shaker experiments, Hydrometallurgy, 38 (1995) 59-78.
27
28. Grishin Sergeii, M. Bigham Jerry, H. Tuovinen Olli, Characterization of Jarosite Formed upon Bacterial Oxidation of Ferrous Sulfate in a Packed-Bed Reactor, Applied and Environ. Micro. (Dec. 1988) 3101-3106.
28
29. Jones Brian, W. Renaut Robin, Selective mineralization of microbes in Fe-rich precipitates (jarosite, hydrous ferric oxides) from acid hot springs in the Waiotapu geothermal area, North Island, New Zealand, Sedimentary Geology, 194 (2007) 77-98.
29
30. A. Bruynesteyn, The biological aspects of heap and in-place leaching of uranium ores. In: 6th Annu. Uranium Seminar, SME-AIME, New York (1983) 59-65.
30
31. F. Habashi, A texbook of hydrometallurgy, Department of mining and metallurgy, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada (1993) 430-440.
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigation of the Adsorption Behavior of Strontium (II) and Yttrium (III) on the Impregnated XAD-4 Resin with HDEHP in Acidic Media
Yttrium-90 as a β emitting with the maximum energy of 2.3MeV, and due to the long half-life of its parent-strontium-90, is considered as one of the most important radionuclides in nuclear medicine. In this context, a highly selective and rapid method for the separation of 90Y from its parent is required for its use in nuclear medicine. In this study, adsorption behavior of yttrium (III) and strontium (II) ions were studied on the Amberlite XAD-4 resin impregnated with (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (HDEHP) by batch and continuous methods. The effects of extraction time in different media, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid concentrations on the sorption and desorption of ions were investigated. Different kinetic models were examined to determine the adsorption mechanism of yttrium. For the separation of yttrium from strontium in 0.05M nitric acid media, a solution containing 5ppm yttrium and 1000ppm strontium was passed with a flow rate of 1ml/min through a chromatography column. In this condition, while yttrium was retained by the resin, strontium passed through the column. A ratio of 200 was calculated for Y/Sr in eluate. The results of the present experiment can be used for separation of yttrium-90 from strontium-90.
https://jonsat.nstri.ir/article_372_6fa6c0bef767b3f87b04060d256f9069.pdf
2013-02-19
59
65
XAD-4 Resin
HDEHP
Yttrium
Strontium
A.R.
Khanchi
akhanchi@aeoi.org.ir
1
پژوهشکده چرخه سوخت هستهای، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هستهای، سازمان انرژی اتمی، صندوق پستی: 8486-11365، تهران ـ ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
A
Pourmatin
2
پژوهشکده چرخه سوخت هستهای، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هستهای، سازمان انرژی اتمی، صندوق پستی: 8486-11365، تهران ـ ایران
AUTHOR
N
Akbari
3
پژوهشکده چرخه سوخت هستهای، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هستهای، سازمان انرژی اتمی، صندوق پستی: 8486-11365، تهران ـ ایران
AUTHOR
M.H.
Mojarabi
4
پژوهشکده چرخه سوخت هستهای، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هستهای، سازمان انرژی اتمی، صندوق پستی: 8486-11365، تهران ـ ایران
AUTHOR
A
Abhari
5
پژوهشکده چرخه سوخت هستهای، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هستهای، سازمان انرژی اتمی، صندوق پستی: 8486-11365، تهران ـ ایران
AUTHOR
Thomas E. Witzig, Leo I. Gordon, Fernando Cabanillas, Myron S. Czuczman, Randomized controlled trial of Yttrium-90–Labeled ibritumomab tiuxetan radioimmunotherapy versus rituximab immunotherapy for patients with relapsed or refractory low-grade, follicular, or transformed B-cell non-hodgkin’s lymphoma, J. Clinical Oncology, 20 (10) (2002) 2453-2463.
1
2. D.F. Peppard, G.W. Mason, S.W. Moline, The use of dioctyl phosphoric acid extraction in the isolation of carrier-free 90Y, 140La, 144Ce, 143Pr, and 144Pr, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem, 5 (1957) 141-146.
2
3. M.Y. Mirza, A new method for the carrier-free production of 90Y from 90Sr-90Y mixture and 89Sr from neutron-irradiated Y2O3, J. Analytica Chimica Acta, 40 (1968) 229–233.
3
4. G. Barrio, J.A. Osso Junior, Development of 90Sr-90Y generators using the cation exchange technique, J. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 54 (2010) 73-74.
4
5. T. Kawashima, Separation of carrier-free 90Y from 90Sr by cation exchange in a methanol-ammonium acetate medium, J. Appl. Radiation Isotopes 20 (1969) 806-808.
5
6. J. Korkisch, Handbook of ion exchange resins, crc Press, Boca Raton (1989).
6
7. Y. Koda, Separation of pure 90Y from a 90Sr-90Y mixture by co-precipitation with ferric hydroxide, J. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, 25(6) (1963) 733-734.
7
8. S. Dutta, P.K. Mohapatra, D.R. Raut, V.K. Manchanda, Chromatographic separation of carrier free 90Y from 90Sr using a diglycolamide based resin for possible pharmaceutical applications, J. Chromatogr. A, 1218(37) (2011) 6483-8.
8
G.E. Kodina, G.V. Korpusov, A.T. Filyanin, Production of high-purity 90Y on specially developed centrifugal semicounterflow extractors, 44(1) (2002) 62-66.
9
10. A. Warshawsky, Extraction with solvent-impregnated resin, Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction, 18 (1981) 229.
10
11. G.A. Juang, Synthetic polymers for accumulation organic compounds from water, Organic Pollutants in Water. J. Sampling Analysis and Toxicity, 214 (1987) 201.
11
12. J. Kraikaew, W. Srinuttrakul, C. Chayavadhanakur, Solvent extraction study of rare earths from nitrate medium by the mixtures of TBP and D2EHPA in kerosene, J. Metals, Materials and Minerals, 15 (2005) 89-95.
12
13. L. Liberti, R. Passino, Ion-exchange and solvent extraction, 7(3) (1977).
13
14. F. Helfferich, Ion-exchange, McGraw–Hill, New York, USA (1962).
14
15. V.M. Bhandari, V.A. Juvekar, S.R. Pathwardhan, Modified shrinking core model for reversible sorption on ion-exchange resins, J. Sep. Sci. Technol. 27 (1992) 1043-1064.
15
16. R.S. Juang, H.C. Lin, Metal sorption with extractant-impregnated macroporous resins, Particle Diffusion Kinetics, J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol. 62 (1995) 132-140.
16
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Fabrication of Miniature Titanium Capsule for Brachytherapy Sources
Using Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) Method
The capsules containing radioactive materials as brachytherapy sources are used for implanting into some target organs for malignant disorders treatments, such as prostate, eyes, and brain cancers. The conventional method for sealing the tubes is to weld them using a laser beam which is now a part of tube melting methods (self welding). The purpose of this study was to seal miniature titanium tubes containing radioactive materials in the form of capsules. This study introduced a new method based on melting process. A piece of commercially pure titanium grade 2 in the form of disk was used for the experiment. The sample was melted at the top of the tube by a TIG welding device for a short time duration. After complection of the melting, the disk in the form of a drop was mixed with a small part of it and both were solidified and hence closed the tube. We evaluated the tubes for the metalargical properties and seal process which took place by TIG in different zones, including the heat affected zone (HAZ), fusion zone (FZ), and interface (I) of the joint of the drop to the tube. Finally, the produced samples were tested according to the ISO2919 & ISO9978 and the results confirmed the Disk & TIG procedure.
https://jonsat.nstri.ir/article_378_049a49f86c2652f479b95ff10560a1ea.pdf
2013-02-19
66
71
Brachytherapy Source
TIG Welding
Titanium Capsule
R
Naghdi
1
پژوهشکده علوم هستهای، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هستهای، سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران، صندوق پستی: 3486-11365، تهران ـ ایران دانشکده فنآوریهای نوین، دانشگاه صنایع و معادن ایران، صندوق پستی: 518-14395، تهران ـ ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sh
Sheibani
ssheibani@aeoi.org.ir
2
پژوهشکده علوم هستهای، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هستهای، سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران، صندوق پستی: 3486-11365، تهران ـ ایران
AUTHOR
M
Tamizifar
3
دانشکده فنآوریهای نوین، دانشگاه صنایع و معادن ایران، صندوق پستی: 518-14395، تهران ـ ایران دانشکده مواد و متالورژی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، صندوق پستی: 163-16765، تهران ـ ایران
AUTHOR
International Atomic Energy Agancy, Production techniques and quality control of sealed radioactive sources of palladium-103, Iodine-125, Iridium-192 and Ytterbium-169, Final Report of a Coordinated Research Project, IAEA-TECDOC-1512 (2001-2005).
1
2. L. Keun, H. Hyon-Soo, S. Kwang-Jae, H. Soon-Bog, Optimization of Nd: YAG laser welding parameters for sealing small titanium tube ends Hyoung, Materials Science and Engineering A415 (2006) 149-155.
2
3. A.R. Hruska and P. Borelli, Qulity criteria for pure titanium casting, Laboratory soldering, and adevice to aid in making uncontaminated castings, J. Prosthert. Dent. 66, 4 (1991) 561-565.
3
4. I. Watanabe, J.H. Watkins, H. Nakajima, M. Atsuta, T. Okabe, Effect of pressure difference on the quality of titanium casting, J. DENT. RES, 76 (1997) 773.
4
International Organization for Standardization, Sealed radioactive sources-general, ISO1677 (1977).
5
6. International Organization for Standardization, Radiation protection-sealed radioactive sources general requirement and classification, ISO 2919 (1999).
6
7. International Organization for Standardization, Radiation protection-sealed radioactive sources leakage test methods, ISO 9978 (1992).
7
8. X. Li, J. Xie, Effects of oxygen contamination in the Argon shielding gas in the laser welding of commercially pure titanium, Materiale Science, 40 (2005) 3437-3443.
8
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Bubble Removing from Lead Silicate Glass Melts
In melting process of lead silicate glasses containing 70 wt% PbO, the bubble size distribution, and the manner of formation and elimination of gas bubbles of glass melt at different temperatures and times were investigated. The lead silicate glass was manufactured by melting, fritting and milling of glass powder for several stages. At first, 50 grams of lead silicate glass powder was poured into each alumina crucible for maintaining the batches separately at temperatures of 900, 950, 1000, 1050 and 1100˚C for 15, 30 and 45 minutes, to study the effects of time and temperature on the bubble nucleation, growth and ascension from the lead silicate glass melt. Because of the dissolution of air molecules inside the glass melt and owing to the achievement of super-saturation, gas bubbles were nucleated and grown. Due to the density of the gradient between the gas bubbles and glass melt, the bubbles ascended to the surface of the melt where they ruptured afterwards. The density of alumina crucibles and the glass inside them were measured. The volume and the mean value of the diameter of bubbles were determined by images from the lateral cross section of glass inside crucibles and from the images taken from the surface of the bubbly glassy layer on the surface of the samples.
https://jonsat.nstri.ir/article_379_30acef56be3b1d9431e27000e0a3ec52.pdf
2013-02-19
72
79
Lead Silicate Glass Melt
Bubble Removing
Temperature Dependence
Time Dependence
R.A
Rahimi
rafialirhm71@gmail.com
1
پژوهشکده مواد، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هستهای، سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران، صندوق پستی: 498-31485، کرج ـ ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
A
Hamidi
2
پژوهشکده مواد، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هستهای، سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران، صندوق پستی: 498-31485، کرج ـ ایران
AUTHOR
M
Naghavi
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پژوهشکده مواد، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هستهای، سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران، صندوق پستی: 498-31485، کرج ـ ایران
AUTHOR
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