نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هسته ای، سازمان انرژی اتمی، صندوق پستی: 836-14395، تهران ـ ایران

2 گروه مهندسی علوم خاک، دانشکده ی علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، صندوق پستی: 4111، کرج ـ ایران

3 پژوهشکده ی چرخه ی سوخت هسته ای، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هسته‌ای، سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران، صندوق پستی: 8486-11365، تهران ـ ایران

4 گروه مهندسی جنگلداری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکده ی منابع طبیعی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، صندوق پستی: 4111، کرج ـ ایران

چکیده

در دهه‌های اخیر، در کشور ما از سزیم-137 برای برآورد آهنگ فرسایش خاک و ته‌نشینی استفاده شده است. لیکن به دلیل کاهش مقدار آن در خاک در اثر فروپاشی پرتوزا، نیاز به بررسی امکان استفاده از یک ردیاب جای‌گزین با نهشت مداوم مانند سرب-210 اضافی، ضروری به نظر می‌رسد. در مطالعه‌ی حاضر، نمونه‌‌های خاک جمع‌آوری شده از یک مزرعه با وسعت هفت هکتار، برای تعیین مقدار و الگوی توزیع مکانی خاک مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. میزان فرسایش خالص خاک با استفاده از مدل‌ موازنه‌ی جرم 2، برای روش‌های مبتنی بر استفاده از سزیم-137 و سرب-210 اضافی، به ترتیب، 6/4 و 3/12 تن بر هکتار- سال و نسبت باردهی ته‌نشت به ترتیب، 52 و 60 درصد محاسبه شد. به طور کلی میانگین فرسایش و ته‌نشینی برآورد شده با استفاده از سرب-210 اضافی بسیار بیش‌تر از سزیم-137 بود، زیرا سزیم-137، تخمینی از میانگین فرسایش از سال 1963 تا زمان نمونه‌برداری را به دست می‌دهد، در حالی‌که نتیجه‌های سرب-210 اضافی بازتابی از دوره‌ی زمانی طولانی‌تر است. تغییرهایی که در مدیریت خاک و ویژگی‌های بارش‌ها در طی قرن گذشته در منطقه رخ داده است، تأثیر مهمی بر برآورد توزیع مجدد خاک با استفاده از سرب-210 اضافی گذاشته است. به طور کلی نتیجه‌های پژوهش حاضر امکان استفاده از سرب-210 اضافی در منطقه‌های نیمه خشک را تأیید نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Preliminary assessment of using 210Pbex radionuclide to estimate soil redistribution rate in kouhin dry farming region

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maral Khodadadi 1
  • Manuchehr Gorji 2
  • Mohammad GhanadiMaragheh 3
  • Ali Bahrami-Samani 3
  • Moein Meftahi 3
  • Hossein Mirseyedhosseini 2
  • Ghavamodin ZahediAmiri 4

چکیده [English]

Over the past decades, the 137Cs approach has been successfully applied in Iran for estimating soil erosion and sedimentation rates. By the progressive reduction in 137Cs activity due to radioactive decay, however, it is essential to investigate the use of an alternative environmental radionuclide with a constant deposition through time, such as Lead-210. In this study, soil samples were collected within seven hectares cultivated field to determine the magnitude and spatial pattern of soil redistribution budgets. The net erosion rates for 137Cs and 210Pbex techniques were estimated to be 4.6 and 12.3t ha-1 yr-1 respectively and the sediment delivery ratio reached 52 and 60 percent respectively using mass balance model 2. Totally, soil erosion and deposition mean estimated from the 210Pbex measurements were much higher than those of 137Cs, since in the case of 137Cs, the results provided an estimate of the mean erosion rate over a period from 1963 to the time of sampling, whereas for the 210Pbextechnique, the estimates reflect a longer time period. The changes in the land management and rainfall characteristics that have occurred during the past century in the area under the study have had important influence on the soil redistribution estimates by the 210Pbex. This study has demonstrated the potential of using 210Pbex measurements to estimate soil erosion and deposition in semiarid regions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • 210Pbex
  • 137Cs
  • Soil erosion
  • Fallout radionuclides
  • Mass balance models
[1] L. Mabit, M. Benmansour, D.E. Walling, Comparative advantages and limitations of the fallout radionuclides 137Cs, 210Pbex and 7Be for assessing soil erosion and sedimentation, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 99 (2008) 1799–1807.
 
[2] D.E. Walling, Y. Zhang, Q. He, Models for deriving estimates of erosion and deposition rates from fallout radionuclide (caesium-137, excess lead-210 and beryllium-7) measurements and the development of user-friendly software for model implementation, Impact of Soil Conservation Measures on Erosion Control and Soil Quality, IAEA-TECDOC-1665. International Atomic Energy Agency Publication (2011) 11-33.
 
[3] R.A. Robbins, Geochemical and geophysical application of radioactive lead, In: J.O. Nriagu, (Ed.), The Biogeochemistry of Lead in the Environment, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1978) 286–383.
 
[4] Q. He, D.E. Walling, Interpreting particle size effects in the adsorption of 137Cs and unsupported 210Pb by mineral soils and sediments, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 30 (1996) 117–137.
 
[5] D.E. Walling, Q. He, Using fallout lead-210 measurements to estimate soil erosion on cultivated land, Soil Science Society American Journal, 63 (1999) 1404–1412.
 
[6] X. Zhang, Y. Qi, D.E. Walling, X. He, A. Wen, J. Fu, A preliminary assessment of the potential for using 210Pbex measurement to estimate soil redistribution rates on cultivated slopes in the Sichuan Hilly Basin of China, Catena, 68 (2006) 1-9.
 
[7] D.E. Walling, A.L. Collins, H.M. Sichingabula, Using unsupported lead-210 measurements to investigate soil erosion and sediment delivery in a small Zambian catchment, Geomorphology, 52 (2003) 193-213.
 
[8] L. Gaspar, A. Navas, J. Machin, D.E. Walling, Using 210Pbex measurements to quantify soil redistribution along two complex toposequences in Mediterranean agroecosystems, northern Spain. Soil and Tillage Research, 130 (2013) 81-90.
 
[9] M. Benmansour, L. Mabit, A. Nouira, R. Moussadek, H. Bouksirate, M. Duchemin, A. Benkdad, Assessment of soil erosion and deposition rates in a Moroccan agricultural field using fallout 137Cs and 210Pbex, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 115 (2013) 97-106.
 
[10] L. Mabit, A. Klik, M. Benmansour, A. Toloza, A. Geisler, U.C. Gerstmann, Assessment of erosion and deposition rates within an Austrian agricultural watershed by combining 137Cs, 210Pbex and conventional measurements, Geoderma, 150 (2009) 231-239.
 
[11] P. Porto, D.E. Walling, G. Callegari, Investigating the effects of afforestation on soil erosion and sediment mobilization in two small catchments in Southern Italy, Catena, 79 (2009) 181-188.
 
[12] H. Kato, Y. Onda, Y. Tanaka, Using 137Cs and 210Pbex measurements to estimate soil redistribution rates on semi-arid grassland in Mongolia, Geomorphology, 114 (2010) 508-519.
 
[13] M. Gorji, H. Refahi, S. Shahooi, M. Ardalan, Effects of surface soil removal (erosion simulation) on crop yield and evaluation of fertilizer compensating effects, PhD thesis, University of Tehran, (2004).
 
[14] F. Zapata, Handbook for the assessment of soil erosion and sedimentation using environmental radionuclides, Kluwer Ac. Publ., Dordrecht, The Netherlands (2002) 1-15.
 
[15] B.L. Campbell, R.J. Loughran, G.L. Elliott, A method for determining sediment budgets using caesium-137, In M.P. Bordas, D.E. Walling, (Eds.), Sediment budgets. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication, 174 (1988) 171-179.
 
[16] N.H. Cutshall, I.L. Larsen, C.R. Olsen, Direct analysis of 210Pb in sediment samples: self-absorption corrections, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, 206 (1-2) (1983) 309-312.
 
[17] A.E.M. Khater, Y.Y. Ebaid, A simplified gamma-ray self-attenuation correction in bulk samples, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 66 (3) (2008) 407-413.
 
[18] E. Robu, C. Giovani, Gamma-ray self-attenuation corrections in environmental samples, Romanian Reports in Physics, 61 (2) (2009) 295-300.
 
[19] D.E. Walling, Q. He, P.G. Appleby, Conversion models for use in soil-erosion, soil-redistribution and sedimentation investigations, In: F. Zapata, (Ed.), Handbook for the Assessment of Soil Erosion and Sedimentation using Environmental Radionuclides. Kluwer Ac. Publ., Dordrecht, The Netherlands (2002)111–164 (Chapter 7).
 
[20] D.E. Walling, Q. He, Using fallout Lead-210 measurements to estimate soil erosion in cultivated land, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 63 (1999) 1404–1412.
 
[21] D.E. Walling, A.L. Collins, H.M. Sichingabula, Using unsupported lead-210 measurements to investigate soil erosion and sediment delivery in a small Zambian catchment, Geomorphology, 52 (2003) 193-213.
 
[22] H. Liu, D.J. Jacob, I. Bey, R.M. Yantosca, Constraints from Pb-210 and Be-7 on wet deposition and transport in a global three-dimensional chemical tracer model driven by assimilated meteorological fields, Journal of Geophysical Research, [Atmospheres] 106 (D11) (2001) 12109–12128.
 
[23] K.K. Turekian, Y. Nozaki, L.K. Benniger, Geochemistry of atmospheric radon and radon products, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 5 (1977) 227–255.
 
[24] X. Zhang, D.E. Walling, M. Feng, A. Wen, 210Pbex depth distribution in soil and calibration models for assessment of soil erosion rates from 210Pbex measurements, Chinese Science Bulletin, 48 (8) (2003) 813-818.
 
[25] Y. Wakiyama, Y. Onda, S. Mizugaki, H. Asai, S. Hiramatsu, Soil erosion rates on forested mountain hillslopes estimated using 137Cs and 210Pbex, Geoderma, 159 (2010) 39-52.
 
[26] T. Fukuyama, Y. Onda, C. Takenaka, D.E. Walling, Investigating erosion rates within a Japanese cypress plantation using Cs-137 and Pb-210ex measurements, Journal of Geophysical Research, 113 (2008) 1-15.
[27] P. Porto, D.E. Walling, Validating the use of 137Cs and 210Pbex measurements to estimate rates of soil loss from cultivated land in southern Italy, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 106 (2012) 47-57.
 
[28] D.E. Walling, A.L. Collins, H.M. Sichingabula, Using unsupported lead-210 measurements to investigate soil erosion and sediment delivery in a small Zambian catchment, Geomorphology, 52 (2003) 193-213.
 
[29] C.A. Huh, C.C. Su, Distribution of fallout radionuclides (7Be, 137Cs, 210Pb and 239, 240Pu) in soils of Taiwan, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 77 (1) (2004) 87-100.
 
[30] P. Du, D.E. Walling, Using sup 210Pb measurements to estimate sedimentation rates on river floodplains, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 103 (2012) 59-68.
 
[31] J.A. Sánchez-Cabeza, M. Garcia-Talavera, E. Costa, V. Pena, J. Garcia-Orellana, C. Nalda, Regional calibration of erosion radiotracers (210Pb and137Cs): Atmospheric fluxes to soils (N Spain), Environ. Sci. Technol. 41(4) (2007) 1324-1330.
 
[32] P. Porto, D.E. Walling, Using plot experiments to test the validity of mass balance models employed to estimate soil redistribution rates from 137Cs and 210Pbex measurements, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 70 (2012) 2451-2459.