Journal of Nuclear Science, Engineering and Technology (JONSAT)
In cooperation with the Iranian Nuclear Society

Improvement of Security Systems by Enhancing the Detection of Objects in Baggage X-Ray Radiography Images

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

S Sheykh Rabiee
B Rokrok
E Yahaghi
B Arezabak
https://doi.org/10.24200/nst.2018.1044
Abstract
Visual inspection of baggage in airports and other critical centers takes a great time. In many cases, especially when the objects inside the load are positioned at specific angles, they may not be detectable by rapid visual examinations. Nowadays, X-ray imaging devices are used to detect objects at the passengers' luggage. Radiographic images obtained due to scattering of photon have a degree of fogging, and sometimes the exact diagnosis of objects is difficult. Image processing methods can improve the contrast and the ability to recognize objects. Different noises and scattering levels exist in radiographic images, which justify the use of automated image processing methods. In this study, Gabor filter and wavelet methods with automatic threshold level have been used to improve the quality of images. According to the results, there is no significant difference in the degree of detection of the objects, regardless of the differences in the reconstructed images. In both methods, the contrast and detection capabilities of the primary radiography images have improved significantly. The computation time of the implementation of the discrete wavelet algorithm is about one eighth of Gabor's time of execution, which can be remarkable given the importance of image processing speed in the area of passenger traffic inspection.

Highlights

[1] D. Mery, T. Jaeger, D. Filbert, A review of methods for automated recognition of casting defects, Insight, No. 44(7) (2002) 428-436.

 

[2] M. Bastan, M.R. Yousefi, T.M. Breuel, Visual words on baggage Xray images, In Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns, 360–368 (2011).

 

[3] P. Viola, M. Jones, Robust real time object detection, International Journal of Computer Vision, 57(2) (2004) 137-154.

 

[4] M. Mansoor, R. Rajashankari, Detection of concealed weapons in X-ray images using fuzzy K-NN, International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 2(2) (2012).

 

[5] D. Mery, V. Riffo, Automated Object Recognition in Baggage Screening Using Multiple X-ray Views, In 52nd Annual Conference of the British Institute for Non-Destructive Testing, Telford, Sept, (2013).

 

[6] T. Franzel, U. Schmidt, S. Roth, Object Detection in Multi-view X-Ray Images, In DAGM, (2012).

 

[7] C.H. Lampert, M.B. Blaschko, T. Hofmann, Efficient Subwindow Search: A Branch and Bound Framework for Object Localization, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 31(12) (2009) 34-40.

 

 

[8] L. He, J. Li, A. Plaza, Y. Li, Discriminative Low-Rank Gabor Filtering for Spectral–Spatial Hyperspectral Image Classification, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, (2017) 1381–1395.

 

[9] D. Mery, V. Riffo, I. Zuccar, C. Pieringer, Automated X-Ray Object Recognition Using an Efficient Search Algorithm in Multiple Views, In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW), (2013) 368–374.

 

[10] R.I.C. Gonzalez, R.E. Woods, S.T. Eddins, Digital image processing using MATLAB, 2nd ed, Gatesmark publishing, (2009).

 

[11] Al. Bovik, The Essential Guide to Image Processing, Elsevier, 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA, (2010).

 

[12] W. Selesnick, R.G. Baraniuk, N.G. Kingsbury, The dual tree complex wavelet transform, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 22(6) (2005) 123-151.

               

[13] L. Chao, J. Ling-yao, S. Dong-cheng,  Identity Recognition Algorithm Using Improved Gabor, Feature Selection of Gait Energy Image, IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf Series, 787 (2017) 012015, doi:10.1088/1742-6596/787/1/012015.

 

[14] R.J. Ferrari, R.M. Rangayyan, J.E.L. Desautels, A.F. Frère, Analysis of Asymmetry in Mammograms via Directional Filtering With Gabor Wavelets, IEEE Trans. on Medical Imaging, 20(9) (2001) 953-964.

[15] A. Serrano, I.M. de Diego, C. Conde, E. Cabello, Analysis of variance of Gabor filter banks parameters for optimal face recognition, Pattern Recognition Letters, (2011) 1998-2008.

 

[16] EN 14096-1, Non-destructive testing- Qualification of radiographic film digitisation systems- Part I: Definitions, qualitative measurements of image quality parameters, standard reference film and qualitative control, European Norm, (2004).

 

[17] EN 14096-2, Non-destructive testing- Qualification of radiographic film digitisation systems- Part 2: Minimum requirement, European Norm, (2004).

 

[18] Iran Nuclear Regulatory Authority, Basic Safety Standards for Protection against ionizing radiation, Atomic Energy Organization of Iran, (2001).

 

[19] ISIRI 7751, Protection against ionizing radiation and the safety of radiation sources – Basic standards, Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran, (2005).

Keywords

Luggage Radiography
Luuggage System Inspection
X-Ray
Discrete Wavelet Method
Gabor Filter
[1] D. Mery, T. Jaeger, D. Filbert, A review of methods for automated recognition of casting defects, Insight, No. 44(7) (2002) 428-436.
 
[2] M. Bastan, M.R. Yousefi, T.M. Breuel, Visual words on baggage Xray images, In Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns, 360–368 (2011).
 
[3] P. Viola, M. Jones, Robust real time object detection, International Journal of Computer Vision, 57(2) (2004) 137-154.
 
[4] M. Mansoor, R. Rajashankari, Detection of concealed weapons in X-ray images using fuzzy K-NN, International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 2(2) (2012).
 
[5] D. Mery, V. Riffo, Automated Object Recognition in Baggage Screening Using Multiple X-ray Views, In 52nd Annual Conference of the British Institute for Non-Destructive Testing, Telford, Sept, (2013).
 
[6] T. Franzel, U. Schmidt, S. Roth, Object Detection in Multi-view X-Ray Images, In DAGM, (2012).
 
[7] C.H. Lampert, M.B. Blaschko, T. Hofmann, Efficient Subwindow Search: A Branch and Bound Framework for Object Localization, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 31(12) (2009) 34-40.
 
 
[8] L. He, J. Li, A. Plaza, Y. Li, Discriminative Low-Rank Gabor Filtering for Spectral–Spatial Hyperspectral Image Classification, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, (2017) 1381–1395.
 
[9] D. Mery, V. Riffo, I. Zuccar, C. Pieringer, Automated X-Ray Object Recognition Using an Efficient Search Algorithm in Multiple Views, In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW), (2013) 368–374.
 
[10] R.I.C. Gonzalez, R.E. Woods, S.T. Eddins, Digital image processing using MATLAB, 2nd ed, Gatesmark publishing, (2009).
 
[11] Al. Bovik, The Essential Guide to Image Processing, Elsevier, 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA, (2010).
 
[12] W. Selesnick, R.G. Baraniuk, N.G. Kingsbury, The dual tree complex wavelet transform, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 22(6) (2005) 123-151.
               
[13] L. Chao, J. Ling-yao, S. Dong-cheng,  Identity Recognition Algorithm Using Improved Gabor, Feature Selection of Gait Energy Image, IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf Series, 787 (2017) 012015, doi:10.1088/1742-6596/787/1/012015.
 
[14] R.J. Ferrari, R.M. Rangayyan, J.E.L. Desautels, A.F. Frère, Analysis of Asymmetry in Mammograms via Directional Filtering With Gabor Wavelets, IEEE Trans. on Medical Imaging, 20(9) (2001) 953-964.
[15] A. Serrano, I.M. de Diego, C. Conde, E. Cabello, Analysis of variance of Gabor filter banks parameters for optimal face recognition, Pattern Recognition Letters, (2011) 1998-2008.
 
[16] EN 14096-1, Non-destructive testing- Qualification of radiographic film digitisation systems- Part I: Definitions, qualitative measurements of image quality parameters, standard reference film and qualitative control, European Norm, (2004).
 
[17] EN 14096-2, Non-destructive testing- Qualification of radiographic film digitisation systems- Part 2: Minimum requirement, European Norm, (2004).
 
[18] Iran Nuclear Regulatory Authority, Basic Safety Standards for Protection against ionizing radiation, Atomic Energy Organization of Iran, (2001).
 
[19] ISIRI 7751, Protection against ionizing radiation and the safety of radiation sources – Basic standards, Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran, (2005).
Journal of Nuclear Science, Engineering and Technology (JONSAT)
Volume 39, Issue 2 - Serial Number 84
September 2018
Pages 19-31

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