Journal of Nuclear Science, Engineering and Technology (JONSAT)

In cooperation with the Iranian Nuclear Society

Current Issue

All Journal

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Publication Ethics

Editorial Board

Peer Review Process

Useful links

Author Instructions

Format

Forms and Templates

Submission Guidelines

Guide for Reviewing Manuscript

Annual Names of Reviewers

Web of Science Reviewer Recognition Services

contacts

Contact form

Study of Thorium Mineralization in Choghart Iron Oxide-Apatite Deposit, Bafq District, Central Iran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

Early Cambrian rhyolite hosts the Choghart iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposit. The ground radiometric and spectrometric surveys of alteration zone on the margin of the magnetite-apatite ore body show that the radioactive anomaly of thorium occurs in the breccia zone. The chemical analyses of the breccia zone samples by ICP–MS show thorium mineralization. The mineralogical studies by transmitted- and reflected-light microscopey and EPMA indicate that the main thorium minerals in thorium mineralization zone are thorite and sphene. The alteration mineral assemblages related to thorium mineralization of Choghart is consisted of albite ± orthoclase + calc-silicate (actinolite- augite- diopside) + carbonate (calcite) + magnetite + pyrite ± chalcopyrite ± galena + sphene + rutile ± microcline ± apatite (Na-Ca-Fe alteration). The occurrence of paragentic magnetite, pyrite and chalcopyrite with thorite and negative Eu anomaly in the thorium mineralization zone indicate a reduced condition for thorium mineralizing fluids. The similarity in chondrite- and mantle-normalized REE patterns of host rhyolite and the thorium mineralization zone suggests that thorium is originated from continental-arc rhyolitic magma.

Highlights

[1] A. Dehghani, Geological Prosprcting of Choghart Deposit, Report of Iran Central Iron Ore Company (in Persian), (2011).

 

[2] B. Mehrabi, Mineralogy and Genesis of Koushk Pb-Zn Deposit (Bafq)/ M/Sc/ Thesis, Tarbiat Moallem University, Tehran, Iran (in Persian with English Abstract) (1991).

 

[3] A. Darvishzadeh, B. Ale-Taha, Late Precambrian Magmatism and Tectono-Magmatism in Centra, (1996).

 

[4] P.J. Williams, P.J. Pollard, Australian Proterozoic Iron Oxide-Cu-Au Deposits: an Overview with New Metallogenic and Exploration Data from the Cloncurry District, Northwest Queensland, Exploration Mineral Geology, 10 (2001) 191–213.

 

[5] M.P. Foose, J.M. McLelland, Proterozoic Low-Ti Iron-Oxide Deposits in New York and New Jersey; Relation to Fe Oxide (Cu-U-Au-Rare Earth Element) Deposits and Tectonic Implications. Geology, 23 (1995) 665–668.

 

[6] M. Chiaradia, D. Banks, R. Cliff, R. Marschik, A. De Haller, Origin of Fluids in Iron Oxide–Copper–Gold Deposits: Constraints from δ37Cl, 87Sr/86Sri and Cl/Br, Mineralium Deposita, 41 (2006) 565-573.

 

[7] M.D. Barton, Iron Oxide (–Cu–Au–REE–P–Ag–U–Co) Systems. In: Holland, H., Turekian, K. (editors). Treatise of Geochemistry, 13 (2014) 515-536.

 

[8] R. Frietsch, J.A. Perdahl, Rare Earth Elements in Apatite and Magnetite in Kiruna-type Iron Ores and Some Other Iron Ore Types. Ore Geology Reviews. 9 (1995) 489–510.

 

[9] H.G. Stosch, R.L. Romer, F. Daliran, D. Rhede, Uranium-Lead Ages of Apatite from Iron Oxide Ores of the Bafq District. East-Central Iran. Mineralium Deposita. 46 (2011) 9-21.

 

[10] F. Henríquez, H.R. Naslund, J.O. Nyström, W. Vivallo, R. Aguirre, F.M. Dobbs, H. Lledó, New Field Evidence Bearing on the Origin of the El Laco Magnetite Deposit, Northern Chile. A Discussion. Economic Geology, 98 (2003) 1497–1500.

[11] A.L. Rhodes, N. Oreskes, S. Sheets, Geology and Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of Magnetite Deposits at El Laco, Chile. In: Skinner, B.J. (editor). Geology and Ore Deposits of the Central Andes. Society of Economic Geology, Special Publication, 7 (1999) 299–332.

 

[12] R.G. Skirrow, R. Sillitoe, D. Burrows, New Field Evidence Bearing on the Origin of the El Laco Magnetite Deposit, Northern Chile. Economic Geology. 97 (2002) 1101–1109.

 

[13] L. Corriveau, P. Williams, H. Mumin, Alteration Vectors to IOCG Mineralization from Uncharted Terranes to Deposits. In: Corriveau, L., Mumin, H. (editors). Exploring for Iron Oxide Copper–Gold Deposits: Canada and Global analogues. Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes, 20 (2010) 87–106.

 

[14] P.J. Williams, Classifying IOCG Deposits. In: Exploring for Iron Oxide Copper–Gold Deposits: Canada and Global Analogues. Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes, 20 (2010) 11–19.

 

[15] F. Daliran, The Magnetite- Apatite Deposit of Mishdovan, East Central Iran. An Alkali Rhyolite Hosted, ‘Kiruna Type’ Occurrence in the Infracambrian Bafg Metallotect (Mineralogic, Petrographic and Geochemical Study of the Ores and the Host Rocks). PhD Thesis, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany, (1990) 248.

 

[16] F. Daliran, H.G. Stosch, P. Williams, A Review of the Early Cambrian Magmatic and Metasomatic Events and Their Bearing on the Genesis of the Fe Oxide-REE-Apatite Deposits (IOA) of the Bafq District, Iran. In: Williams et al. (editors). Smart Science for Exploration and Mining: Proceedings of the 10th Biennial SGA Meeting, Townsville, Australia, 17th–20th August (2009).

 

[17] F. Daliran, H.G. Stosch, P. Williams, H. Jamli, M.B. Dorri, Early Cambrian Iron Oxide-Apatite-REE (U) Deposits of the Bafq District, East-Central Iran. In: Corriveau, L., Mumin, H. (editors). Exploring for Iron Oxide Copper–Gold Deposits: Canada and Global analogues. Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes, 20 (2010) 143–155.

[18] H. Förster, A. Jafarzadeh, The Bafg Mining District in Central Iran: a Highly Mineralized Infracambrian Volcanic Field. Economic Geology. 89 (1994) 1697–1721.

 

[19] M. Jami, Geology, Geochemistry and Evolution of the Esfordi Phosphate- Iron Deposit, Bafq Area, Central Iran. PhD Thesis, The University of New South Wales, Australia, (2005) 220.

 

[20] F. Torab, Geochemistry and Metallogeny of Magnetite- apatite Deposits of the Bafq Mining District, Central Iran. PhD Thesis, Clausthal University of Technology: the Faculty of Energy and Economic Sciences (2008).

 

[21] F. Moore, S. Modabberi, Origin of Choghart Iron Oxide Deposit, Bafq Mining District, Central Iran: New Isotopic and Geochemical Evidence. Journal of sciences Islamic Republic of Iran, 14(3) (2003) 259-270.

 

[22] Z. Mirzaei Beni, M.H. Emami, S.J. Sheikhzakariaee, A. Nasr Esfahani, Petrography of Plutonic Rocks in the Late Cambrian (Rizu Series), Se-chahun Iron Oxide Deposite, Bafq Mining District, Central Iran. Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). 5(4) (2014) 610-616.

 

[23] A. Rajabi, C. Canet, E. Rastad, P. Alfonso, Basin Evolution and Stratigraphic Correlation of Sedimentary-Exhalative Zn–Pb Deposits of the Early Cambrian Zarigan-Chahmir Basin, Central Iran. Ore Geology Reviews. 64 (2015) 328–353.

 

[24] J. Ramezani, R.D. Tucker, The Saghand Region, Central Iran: U-Pb Geochronology, Petrogenesis and Implications for Gondwana Tectonics. American Journal of Science. 303 (2003) 622-665.

 

[25] I. Bachtiar, Petrographische und Lagerstallttenkundliche Untersuchugen des Narigan- Granits und Seines Geologischen Rahmens bei Bafg (Zentraliran). PhD Thesis. Aachen, Germany, (1973) 118.

 

[26] H. Borumandi, Petrograpische and Lagerstatten Kundliche Unter Suchungen der Esfordi-formation Zwischen Mishdovan und Kushk bei Yazd/zentral Iran. PhD Thesis, University of Achen, Germany, (1973) 174.

 

[27] C.J. Hawkesworth, S.P. Turner, F. McDermott, D.W. Peate, P. Van Calsteren, U-Th Isotopes in Arc Magmas: Implications for Element Transfer from Subducted Crust. Science. 276 (1997) 551-555.

 

[28] J.X. Zhou, Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Igneous Rocks Containing Amphibole and Mica: A Case Study of Plate Collision Involving Scotland and Himalayas. Science Press, New York and Beijing, (1999) 41-72.

 

[29] R.E. Smith, S.E. Smith, Comments on the Use of Ti, Zr, Y, Sr, K, P and Na in Classification of Basaltic Magmas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 32 (1976) 114-120.

 

[30] J.A. Winchester, P.A. Floyd, Geochemical Discrimination of Different Magma Series and Their Differentiation Products Using Immobile Elements. Chemical Geology. 20 (1977) 325–343.

 

[31] E.S. Schandl, M.P. Gorton, Application of High Field Strength Elements to Discriminate Tectonic Settings in VMS Environments. Economic Geology. 97 (2002) 629-642.

 

[32] A.D. Saunders, J. Tarney, Back-Arc Basins. In: Floyd, P.A. (editor). Oceanic Basalts. Blackie, Glasgow, (1991) 219-263.

 

[33] V. Daux, J.L. Crovisier, C. Hemond, J.C. Petit, Geochemical Evolution of Basaltic Rocks Subjected to Weathering: Fate of the Major Elements, Rare Earth Elements, and Thorium. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta. 58 (1994) 4941-4954.

 

[34] C. Liu, J. Liu, J. Wang, L. Yang, J. Wu, L. Jia, Geochemical Characteristics of Rare Earth Elements and Their Implications for the Huachanggou Gold Deposit in Shaanxi Province, China. Journal of Rare Earths. 31 (2013) 215- 226.

 

[35] T.S. Giritharan, V. Rajamani, REE Geochemistry of Ore Zones in the Archean Auriferous Schist Belts of the Eastern Dharwar Craton, south India. Earth System Science. 110(2) (2001) 143-159.

 

 

 

[36] S.S. Sun, W.F. McDonough, Chemical and Isotopic Systematic of Oceanic Basalt: Implication for Mantle Composition and Processes. In: Saunders, A.D., Norry, M.J. (editors). Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society of London, Special Publication. 42 (1989) 313-345.

 

[37] J.W. Frondel, M. Fleischer, A Glossary of Uranium- and Thorium-bearing Minerals. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1009-F, (1950).

 

[38] P.J. Williams, M.D. Barton, L. Fontbote, Iron-Oxide–Copper–Gold Deposits: Geology, Space-Time Distribution, and Possible Modes of Origin. Economic Geology. 100th Anniversary Volume, (2005) 371-406.

Keywords

References
[1] A. Dehghani, Geological Prosprcting of Choghart Deposit, Report of Iran Central Iron Ore Company (in Persian), (2011).
 
[2] B. Mehrabi, Mineralogy and Genesis of Koushk Pb-Zn Deposit (Bafq)/ M/Sc/ Thesis, Tarbiat Moallem University, Tehran, Iran (in Persian with English Abstract) (1991).
 
[3] A. Darvishzadeh, B. Ale-Taha, Late Precambrian Magmatism and Tectono-Magmatism in Centra, (1996).
 
[4] P.J. Williams, P.J. Pollard, Australian Proterozoic Iron Oxide-Cu-Au Deposits: an Overview with New Metallogenic and Exploration Data from the Cloncurry District, Northwest Queensland, Exploration Mineral Geology, 10 (2001) 191–213.
 
[5] M.P. Foose, J.M. McLelland, Proterozoic Low-Ti Iron-Oxide Deposits in New York and New Jersey; Relation to Fe Oxide (Cu-U-Au-Rare Earth Element) Deposits and Tectonic Implications. Geology, 23 (1995) 665–668.
 
[6] M. Chiaradia, D. Banks, R. Cliff, R. Marschik, A. De Haller, Origin of Fluids in Iron Oxide–Copper–Gold Deposits: Constraints from δ37Cl, 87Sr/86Sri and Cl/Br, Mineralium Deposita, 41 (2006) 565-573.
 
[7] M.D. Barton, Iron Oxide (–Cu–Au–REE–P–Ag–U–Co) Systems. In: Holland, H., Turekian, K. (editors). Treatise of Geochemistry, 13 (2014) 515-536.
 
[8] R. Frietsch, J.A. Perdahl, Rare Earth Elements in Apatite and Magnetite in Kiruna-type Iron Ores and Some Other Iron Ore Types. Ore Geology Reviews. 9 (1995) 489–510.
 
[9] H.G. Stosch, R.L. Romer, F. Daliran, D. Rhede, Uranium-Lead Ages of Apatite from Iron Oxide Ores of the Bafq District. East-Central Iran. Mineralium Deposita. 46 (2011) 9-21.
 
[10] F. Henríquez, H.R. Naslund, J.O. Nyström, W. Vivallo, R. Aguirre, F.M. Dobbs, H. Lledó, New Field Evidence Bearing on the Origin of the El Laco Magnetite Deposit, Northern Chile. A Discussion. Economic Geology, 98 (2003) 1497–1500.
[11] A.L. Rhodes, N. Oreskes, S. Sheets, Geology and Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of Magnetite Deposits at El Laco, Chile. In: Skinner, B.J. (editor). Geology and Ore Deposits of the Central Andes. Society of Economic Geology, Special Publication, 7 (1999) 299–332.
 
[12] R.G. Skirrow, R. Sillitoe, D. Burrows, New Field Evidence Bearing on the Origin of the El Laco Magnetite Deposit, Northern Chile. Economic Geology. 97 (2002) 1101–1109.
 
[13] L. Corriveau, P. Williams, H. Mumin, Alteration Vectors to IOCG Mineralization from Uncharted Terranes to Deposits. In: Corriveau, L., Mumin, H. (editors). Exploring for Iron Oxide Copper–Gold Deposits: Canada and Global analogues. Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes, 20 (2010) 87–106.
 
[14] P.J. Williams, Classifying IOCG Deposits. In: Exploring for Iron Oxide Copper–Gold Deposits: Canada and Global Analogues. Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes, 20 (2010) 11–19.
 
[15] F. Daliran, The Magnetite- Apatite Deposit of Mishdovan, East Central Iran. An Alkali Rhyolite Hosted, ‘Kiruna Type’ Occurrence in the Infracambrian Bafg Metallotect (Mineralogic, Petrographic and Geochemical Study of the Ores and the Host Rocks). PhD Thesis, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany, (1990) 248.
 
[16] F. Daliran, H.G. Stosch, P. Williams, A Review of the Early Cambrian Magmatic and Metasomatic Events and Their Bearing on the Genesis of the Fe Oxide-REE-Apatite Deposits (IOA) of the Bafq District, Iran. In: Williams et al. (editors). Smart Science for Exploration and Mining: Proceedings of the 10th Biennial SGA Meeting, Townsville, Australia, 17th–20th August (2009).
 
[17] F. Daliran, H.G. Stosch, P. Williams, H. Jamli, M.B. Dorri, Early Cambrian Iron Oxide-Apatite-REE (U) Deposits of the Bafq District, East-Central Iran. In: Corriveau, L., Mumin, H. (editors). Exploring for Iron Oxide Copper–Gold Deposits: Canada and Global analogues. Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes, 20 (2010) 143–155.
[18] H. Förster, A. Jafarzadeh, The Bafg Mining District in Central Iran: a Highly Mineralized Infracambrian Volcanic Field. Economic Geology. 89 (1994) 1697–1721.
 
[19] M. Jami, Geology, Geochemistry and Evolution of the Esfordi Phosphate- Iron Deposit, Bafq Area, Central Iran. PhD Thesis, The University of New South Wales, Australia, (2005) 220.
 
[20] F. Torab, Geochemistry and Metallogeny of Magnetite- apatite Deposits of the Bafq Mining District, Central Iran. PhD Thesis, Clausthal University of Technology: the Faculty of Energy and Economic Sciences (2008).
 
[21] F. Moore, S. Modabberi, Origin of Choghart Iron Oxide Deposit, Bafq Mining District, Central Iran: New Isotopic and Geochemical Evidence. Journal of sciences Islamic Republic of Iran, 14(3) (2003) 259-270.
 
[22] Z. Mirzaei Beni, M.H. Emami, S.J. Sheikhzakariaee, A. Nasr Esfahani, Petrography of Plutonic Rocks in the Late Cambrian (Rizu Series), Se-chahun Iron Oxide Deposite, Bafq Mining District, Central Iran. Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). 5(4) (2014) 610-616.
 
[23] A. Rajabi, C. Canet, E. Rastad, P. Alfonso, Basin Evolution and Stratigraphic Correlation of Sedimentary-Exhalative Zn–Pb Deposits of the Early Cambrian Zarigan-Chahmir Basin, Central Iran. Ore Geology Reviews. 64 (2015) 328–353.
 
[24] J. Ramezani, R.D. Tucker, The Saghand Region, Central Iran: U-Pb Geochronology, Petrogenesis and Implications for Gondwana Tectonics. American Journal of Science. 303 (2003) 622-665.
 
[25] I. Bachtiar, Petrographische und Lagerstallttenkundliche Untersuchugen des Narigan- Granits und Seines Geologischen Rahmens bei Bafg (Zentraliran). PhD Thesis. Aachen, Germany, (1973) 118.
 
[26] H. Borumandi, Petrograpische and Lagerstatten Kundliche Unter Suchungen der Esfordi-formation Zwischen Mishdovan und Kushk bei Yazd/zentral Iran. PhD Thesis, University of Achen, Germany, (1973) 174.
 
[27] C.J. Hawkesworth, S.P. Turner, F. McDermott, D.W. Peate, P. Van Calsteren, U-Th Isotopes in Arc Magmas: Implications for Element Transfer from Subducted Crust. Science. 276 (1997) 551-555.
 
[28] J.X. Zhou, Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Igneous Rocks Containing Amphibole and Mica: A Case Study of Plate Collision Involving Scotland and Himalayas. Science Press, New York and Beijing, (1999) 41-72.
 
[29] R.E. Smith, S.E. Smith, Comments on the Use of Ti, Zr, Y, Sr, K, P and Na in Classification of Basaltic Magmas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 32 (1976) 114-120.
 
[30] J.A. Winchester, P.A. Floyd, Geochemical Discrimination of Different Magma Series and Their Differentiation Products Using Immobile Elements. Chemical Geology. 20 (1977) 325–343.
 
[31] E.S. Schandl, M.P. Gorton, Application of High Field Strength Elements to Discriminate Tectonic Settings in VMS Environments. Economic Geology. 97 (2002) 629-642.
 
[32] A.D. Saunders, J. Tarney, Back-Arc Basins. In: Floyd, P.A. (editor). Oceanic Basalts. Blackie, Glasgow, (1991) 219-263.
 
[33] V. Daux, J.L. Crovisier, C. Hemond, J.C. Petit, Geochemical Evolution of Basaltic Rocks Subjected to Weathering: Fate of the Major Elements, Rare Earth Elements, and Thorium. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta. 58 (1994) 4941-4954.
 
[34] C. Liu, J. Liu, J. Wang, L. Yang, J. Wu, L. Jia, Geochemical Characteristics of Rare Earth Elements and Their Implications for the Huachanggou Gold Deposit in Shaanxi Province, China. Journal of Rare Earths. 31 (2013) 215- 226.
 
[35] T.S. Giritharan, V. Rajamani, REE Geochemistry of Ore Zones in the Archean Auriferous Schist Belts of the Eastern Dharwar Craton, south India. Earth System Science. 110(2) (2001) 143-159.
 
 
 
[36] S.S. Sun, W.F. McDonough, Chemical and Isotopic Systematic of Oceanic Basalt: Implication for Mantle Composition and Processes. In: Saunders, A.D., Norry, M.J. (editors). Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society of London, Special Publication. 42 (1989) 313-345.
 
[37] J.W. Frondel, M. Fleischer, A Glossary of Uranium- and Thorium-bearing Minerals. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1009-F, (1950).
 
[38] P.J. Williams, M.D. Barton, L. Fontbote, Iron-Oxide–Copper–Gold Deposits: Geology, Space-Time Distribution, and Possible Modes of Origin. Economic Geology. 100th Anniversary Volume, (2005) 371-406.
Journal of Nuclear Science, Engineering and Technology (JONSAT)
Volume 39, Issue 2 - Serial Number 84
September 2018
Pages 66-80
Files
Share
How to cite
Statistics