Journal of Nuclear Science, Engineering and Technology (JONSAT)
In cooperation with the Iranian Nuclear Society

Creating tunable negative refractive effect in two-dimensional photonic crystals composed of liquid crystal infiltrated air holes in Si background

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

A. Gharaati 1
Z. Zareian 1
T. Fathollahi Khalkhali 2

1 Department of Physics, Payame Noor University (PNU), P.O.Box: 19395-4697, Tehran – Iran

2 Photonics and Quantum Technology Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, AEOI, P.O.Box: 1339-14155, Tehran - Iran

https://doi.org/10.24200/nst.2020.1143
Abstract
In this study, we have considered a two-dimensional triangular lattice photonic crystal composed of liquid crystal infiltrated air holes in Si background. Then, we investigate the band structure, equifrequency contours, and the field intensity distribution for different values of structural parameter; using plane wave expansion and finite-difference time-domain methods. In the following, it is found that for the optimum values of geometrical parameters the structure represents a similar behavior with a system with a negative refractive index for a relatively wide frequency range. The negative refractive index causes that in a specified frequency width, the image of a light source appears perfectly on another side of the designed photonic crystal. In the end, the effect of an externally applied voltage on liquid crystals is studied. Our simulations reveal that applying the external electric filed changes the refractive index of structure and can be used for tuning the negative refractive effect.

Highlights

1. E. Yablonovitch, Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid state physics and electronics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2059 (1987).

 

2. S. John, Strong localization of photons in certain disordered dielectric superlattices, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2486 (1987).

 

3. C.M. Anderson, K.P. Giapis, Larger Two-Dimensional Photonic Band Gaps, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2949 (1996).

 

4. H. Liu, et al, Characteristics of photonic band gaps in woodpile three-dimensional terahertz photonic crystals, Opt. Express. 15, 695 (2007).

 

5. K. Busch, S. John, Liquid-Crystal Photonic-Band-Gap Materials: The Tunable Electromagnetic Vacuum, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 967 (1999).

 

6. R. Ozaki, et al, Electrically color-tunable defect mode lasing in one-dimensional photonic-band-gap system containing liquid crystal, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3593 (2003).

 

7. Hiroyuki Takeda, Katsumi Yoshino, Tunable refraction effects in two-dimensional photonic crystals utilizing liquid crystals, Phys. Rev. E. 67, 056607 (2003).

 

8. V.G. Veselago, The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of ε and μ, Phys-Uspekhi. 92, 517 (1967).

 

9.             M. Notomi, Negative refraction in photonic crystals, Opt Quant Electron. 31, 133 (2002).

 

10. C. Lou, et al, All angle negative refraction without negative effective index, Phys. Rev. B. 65,  2011041 (2002).

 

11.          T. Fathollahi Khalkhali, A. Bananej, Tunable complete photonic band gap in anisotropic photonic crystal slabs with non-circular air holes using liquid crystals, Optics Commun. 369, 79 (2016).

 

12.          Hiroyuki Takeda, Katsumi Yoshino, TE-TM mode coupling in two-dimensional photonic crystals composed of liquid-crystal rods, Phys. Rev. E. 70, 026601 (2004).

 

13. T. Fathollahi Khalkhali, A. Bananej, Manipulating femtosecond pulse shape using liquid crystals infiltrated one-dimensional graded index photonic crystal waveguides composed of coupled-cavities,    Phys. Lett. A. 381, 3342 (2017).

 

14. Hsin-Yu Yao, Shang-Min Yeh, Voltage-Controllable Guided Propagation in Nematic Liquid Crystals, Advances in Condensed Matter Physics, Vol. 2018, Article ID 8185641, 4 (2018).

 

15. S.A. Ramakrishna, Physics of negative refractive index materials, Rep. Prog. Phys. 68, 449 (2005).

 

16. B. Rezaei, et al, Absolute band gap properties in two-dimensional photonic crystals composed of air rings in anisotropic tellurium background, Optics Commun. 282, 2861 (2009).

 

17.          S.H. Chang, A. Taflove, Finite-difference time-domain model of lasing action in a four-level two-electron atomic system, Opt. Express. 12, (2004) 3827.

 

18. A.F. Oskooi, et al, MEEP: A flexible free-software package for electromagnetic simulations by the FDTD method, Comput. Phys. Commun. 181, 687 (2010).

 

19. S.G. Johnson, J.D. Joannopoulos, Block-iterative frequency-domain methods for Maxwell’s equations in a plane wave basis, Opt. Express, 8, 173 (2001).

Keywords

Photonic crystal
Negative refractive effect
Plane wave method
Finite-difference time-domain method
1. E. Yablonovitch, Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid state physics and electronics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2059 (1987).
 
2. S. John, Strong localization of photons in certain disordered dielectric superlattices, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2486 (1987).
 
3. C.M. Anderson, K.P. Giapis, Larger Two-Dimensional Photonic Band Gaps, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2949 (1996).
 
4. H. Liu, et al, Characteristics of photonic band gaps in woodpile three-dimensional terahertz photonic crystals, Opt. Express. 15, 695 (2007).
 
5. K. Busch, S. John, Liquid-Crystal Photonic-Band-Gap Materials: The Tunable Electromagnetic Vacuum, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 967 (1999).
 
6. R. Ozaki, et al, Electrically color-tunable defect mode lasing in one-dimensional photonic-band-gap system containing liquid crystal, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3593 (2003).
 
7. Hiroyuki Takeda, Katsumi Yoshino, Tunable refraction effects in two-dimensional photonic crystals utilizing liquid crystals, Phys. Rev. E. 67, 056607 (2003).
 
8. V.G. Veselago, The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of ε and μ, Phys-Uspekhi. 92, 517 (1967).
 
9.             M. Notomi, Negative refraction in photonic crystals, Opt Quant Electron. 31, 133 (2002).
 
10. C. Lou, et al, All angle negative refraction without negative effective index, Phys. Rev. B. 65,  2011041 (2002).
 
11.          T. Fathollahi Khalkhali, A. Bananej, Tunable complete photonic band gap in anisotropic photonic crystal slabs with non-circular air holes using liquid crystals, Optics Commun. 369, 79 (2016).
 
12.          Hiroyuki Takeda, Katsumi Yoshino, TE-TM mode coupling in two-dimensional photonic crystals composed of liquid-crystal rods, Phys. Rev. E. 70, 026601 (2004).
 
13. T. Fathollahi Khalkhali, A. Bananej, Manipulating femtosecond pulse shape using liquid crystals infiltrated one-dimensional graded index photonic crystal waveguides composed of coupled-cavities,    Phys. Lett. A. 381, 3342 (2017).
 
14. Hsin-Yu Yao, Shang-Min Yeh, Voltage-Controllable Guided Propagation in Nematic Liquid Crystals, Advances in Condensed Matter Physics, Vol. 2018, Article ID 8185641, 4 (2018).
 
15. S.A. Ramakrishna, Physics of negative refractive index materials, Rep. Prog. Phys. 68, 449 (2005).
 
16. B. Rezaei, et al, Absolute band gap properties in two-dimensional photonic crystals composed of air rings in anisotropic tellurium background, Optics Commun. 282, 2861 (2009).
 
17.          S.H. Chang, A. Taflove, Finite-difference time-domain model of lasing action in a four-level two-electron atomic system, Opt. Express. 12, (2004) 3827.
 
18. A.F. Oskooi, et al, MEEP: A flexible free-software package for electromagnetic simulations by the FDTD method, Comput. Phys. Commun. 181, 687 (2010).
 
19. S.G. Johnson, J.D. Joannopoulos, Block-iterative frequency-domain methods for Maxwell’s equations in a plane wave basis, Opt. Express, 8, 173 (2001).

Home