Journal of Nuclear Science, Engineering and Technology (JONSAT)
In cooperation with the Iranian Nuclear Society

Employment of active thermography for nondestructive evaluation of different defect types in carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite panels with flat and curved geometry

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

A. Sazgar 1
M. Amiri 2

1 Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, AEOI, P.O.Box: 11365-8486, Tehran-Iran

2 AEOI, P.O.Box: 14155-1339, Tehran-Iran

https://doi.org/10.24200/nst.2021.1298
Abstract
Recently,the use of fiber-reinforced polymers has become widely used in various industries. Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) are commonly used in the aerospace, nuclear, renewable energy, architecture, and marine industries. The complexity of the manufacturing process of these parts is always associated with the formation of various types of manufacturing defects. The existence of non-homogeneous structures in these parts has faced several limitations using classical NDT methods in the inspection process. The active thermography method using infrared waves is today considered one of the proposed methods in the inspection of composites. In the present work, samples with flat sheet geometry and curve sheet geometry of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer were tested using a pulse technique. Several different types of defects with different dimensions were manually created in these parts, and inspection was performed using the thermography method. The results have shown that the use of radiant thermal stimulation with the transmission technique can reveal the samples' internal defects. The presence of different thermal conductivity of needle-shaped metal defects with0.2 mm diameter, foreign particles with2 mm diameter, and 10×10 mm2 delamination led to the appearance of these defects in flat and curved samples

Highlights

1.   H.T. Bang, et al, Defect identification of composites via thermography and deep learning techniques, Composite Structures, 112405 (2020).
 
2. B. Wang, et al, Non-destructive testing and evaluation of composite materials/structures: A state-of-the-art review, Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 12(4), 1687814020913761 (2020).
 
3. U. Netzelmann, D. Müller, Modified pulse-phase thermography algorithms for improved contrast-to-noise ratio from pulse-excited thermographic sequences, NDT & E International, 116, 102325 (2020).
 
4. R. Usamentiaga, et al, Infrared thermography for temperature measurement and non-destructive testing, Sensors, 14, 12305–12348 (2014).
 
5. L. Cheng, G.Y. Tian, Transient thermal behavior of eddy-current pulsed thermography for non-destructive evaluation of composites, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 62, 1215–1222 (2013).
 
6. C. Ibarra-Castanedo, X. Maldague, Review of pulse phase thermography, in: (SPIE Sensing Technology+ Applications, International Society for Optics and Photonics, p. 94850T-94850T-94810 (2015).
 
7. S. Bagavathiappan, et al, Infrared thermography for condition monitoring – a review, Infrared Phys. Technol. 60, 35–55 (2013).
 
8. S. Melnyk, I. Tuluzov, A. Melnyk, Method of remote dynamic thermographic testing of wind turbine blades, in: The 12th International Conference on Quantitative InfraRed Thermography, (Bordeaux, (2014).
 
9. W. Harizi, et al, Mechanical damage assessment of glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites using passive infrared thermography, Compos Part B – Eng. 59, 74–79 (2014).

 

10. A.A. Badghaish, D.C. Fleming, Non-destructive inspection of composites using step heating thermography, J. Compos. Mater. 42, 1337–1357 (2008).
 
11. X.P. Maldague, Theory and practice of infrared technology for non-destructive testing, John Wiley Interscience, New York, (2001).
 
12. X.P. Maldague, S. Marinetti, Pulsed phase infrared thermography, J. Appl. Phys. 79, 2694–2698 (1996).
 
13. J.N. Zalameda, P.W. Winfree, Quantitative thermal non-destructive evaluation using an uncooled microbolometer infrared camera, in: Thermosense XXIV, (SPIE, Orlando, 2002), pp. 610–617 (2002).
 
14. R. Mulaveesala, S. Tuli, Theory of frequency modulated thermal wave imaging for nondestructive subsurface defect detection, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 (2006).
 
15. N. Tabatabaei, A. Mandelis, Thermal-wave radar: a novel subsurface imaging modality with extended depth-resolution dynamic range, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 034902 (2009).
 
16. P. Jäckel, U. Netzelmann, The influence of external magnetic fields on crack contrast in magnetic steel detected by induction thermography, Quant. Infrared Thermography J. 10, 237–247 (2013).
 
17. R. Yang, et al, An investigation and review into microwave thermography for NDT and SHM, in: IEEE Far East Forum on Nondestructive Evaluation/ Testing (FENDT), IEEE, Zhuhai, (2015).
 
18. F. Panella, et al, A brief review and advances of thermographic image-processing methods for irt inspection: a case of study on gfrp plate, Experimental Techniques, 1-15 (2020).
 

19. F. Viegas, et al, The use of thermography and its control variables: a systematic review, Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 26(1), 82-86, (2020).

Keywords

Non-destructive test
Composite
Thermography
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer
1.   H.T. Bang, et al, Defect identification of composites via thermography and deep learning techniques, Composite Structures, 112405 (2020).
 
2. B. Wang, et al, Non-destructive testing and evaluation of composite materials/structures: A state-of-the-art review, Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 12(4), 1687814020913761 (2020).
 
3. U. Netzelmann, D. Müller, Modified pulse-phase thermography algorithms for improved contrast-to-noise ratio from pulse-excited thermographic sequences, NDT & E International, 116, 102325 (2020).
 
4. R. Usamentiaga, et al, Infrared thermography for temperature measurement and non-destructive testing, Sensors, 14, 12305–12348 (2014).
 
5. L. Cheng, G.Y. Tian, Transient thermal behavior of eddy-current pulsed thermography for non-destructive evaluation of composites, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 62, 1215–1222 (2013).
 
6. C. Ibarra-Castanedo, X. Maldague, Review of pulse phase thermography, in: (SPIE Sensing Technology+ Applications, International Society for Optics and Photonics, p. 94850T-94850T-94810 (2015).
 
7. S. Bagavathiappan, et al, Infrared thermography for condition monitoring – a review, Infrared Phys. Technol. 60, 35–55 (2013).
 
8. S. Melnyk, I. Tuluzov, A. Melnyk, Method of remote dynamic thermographic testing of wind turbine blades, in: The 12th International Conference on Quantitative InfraRed Thermography, (Bordeaux, (2014).
 
9. W. Harizi, et al, Mechanical damage assessment of glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites using passive infrared thermography, Compos Part B – Eng. 59, 74–79 (2014).
 
10. A.A. Badghaish, D.C. Fleming, Non-destructive inspection of composites using step heating thermography, J. Compos. Mater. 42, 1337–1357 (2008).
 
11. X.P. Maldague, Theory and practice of infrared technology for non-destructive testing, John Wiley Interscience, New York, (2001).
 
12. X.P. Maldague, S. Marinetti, Pulsed phase infrared thermography, J. Appl. Phys. 79, 2694–2698 (1996).
 
13. J.N. Zalameda, P.W. Winfree, Quantitative thermal non-destructive evaluation using an uncooled microbolometer infrared camera, in: Thermosense XXIV, (SPIE, Orlando, 2002), pp. 610–617 (2002).
 
14. R. Mulaveesala, S. Tuli, Theory of frequency modulated thermal wave imaging for nondestructive subsurface defect detection, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 (2006).
 
15. N. Tabatabaei, A. Mandelis, Thermal-wave radar: a novel subsurface imaging modality with extended depth-resolution dynamic range, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 034902 (2009).
 
16. P. Jäckel, U. Netzelmann, The influence of external magnetic fields on crack contrast in magnetic steel detected by induction thermography, Quant. Infrared Thermography J. 10, 237–247 (2013).
 
17. R. Yang, et al, An investigation and review into microwave thermography for NDT and SHM, in: IEEE Far East Forum on Nondestructive Evaluation/ Testing (FENDT), IEEE, Zhuhai, (2015).
 
18. F. Panella, et al, A brief review and advances of thermographic image-processing methods for irt inspection: a case of study on gfrp plate, Experimental Techniques, 1-15 (2020).
 
19. F. Viegas, et al, The use of thermography and its control variables: a systematic review, Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 26(1), 82-86, (2020).

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