Journal of Nuclear Science, Engineering and Technology (JONSAT)
In cooperation with the Iranian Nuclear Society

The investigation and comparison of three photodiode-based candidate structures for detecting the X-ray

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

A.R. Mousazadeh Moghaddam 1
M.R. Ashraf 1
M. Kafaee 2

1 Integrated Circuits Design Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, P.O.Box: 316, Shahrood - Iran

2 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, P.O.Box: 316, Shahrood - Iran

https://doi.org/10.24200/nst.2022.1380
Abstract
Recently, research has shown that PIN photodiodes can be used in ionization radiation detection, especially in medical applications. In this research, three photodiode-based X-ray detectors have been implemented. The preamplifiers in these circuits have completely different structures; the number of pulse shaper stages and the bias of photodiodes are different. The first circuit benefits lower manufacturing costs due to its simple structure. The second circuit has a preamplifier with feedback impedance that generates pulses with a large amplitude. The third circuit has better noise than the second circuit due to the transistor preamplifier structure with a small feedback capacitor, and its gain is larger than the first circuit. The S1223-01 photodiode from Hamamatsu Corporation has been utilized in the experiments, which is excited using the 232Th. Comparing the conversion gain, dissipation power, and pulse period of these circuits, the second circuit with a gain of 66.75-dB can be claimed to have the largest amplitude. Also, the first circuit with a noise power of 1.215-nV2 and a dissipation power of 36.6-mW, has recorded the lowest noise and energy consumption among others. The third circuit with a time period of 8.2-μs has the lowest pulse duration and dead time.

Highlights

1. B. Kainka, Measure gamma rays with a photodiode, Radiation Detector Using a BPW34, Elektor, 419, 22 (2011).

 

2. F. Baniyaghoobi, et al., Radiation accidents and how to deal with it, MCS, 1(1), 43 (2014) (In Persian).

 

3. S. Zhao, G. Lioliou, A.M. Barnett, X-ray spectrometer with a low-cost SiC photodiode, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., 887, 168 (2018).

 

4. P. Mitra, et al., Optimum Energy Compensation for Current Mode Application of Silicon PIN Diode in Gamma Radiation Detection, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 63(6), 2777 (2016).

 

5. B. Kainka, Improved Radiation meter, counter for alpha, beta and gamma radiation, Elektor, 99, 20 (2011).

 

6. B. Kainka, Radiation Meter Reloaded, Simple modifications open up new possibilities, Elektor, 102, 54 (2012).

 

7. T. Beckers, Radiation meter, Elektor, 102, 44 (2012).

 

8. J. Rodriguez, M.S. thesis, Texas Tech University, (2014).

 

9. E. Emirhan, et al., A low cost X-ray imaging device based on BPW-34 Si-PIN photodiode, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., 819, 1 (2016).

 

10. G.F. Knoll, Radiation detection and measurement, 4th ed. (Wiley, Ann Arbor, 2010).

 

11. M. Nakhostin, Signal Processing for Radiation Detectors, 1st  ed. (Wiley, Hoboken, 2018).

 

12. B. Razavi, Fundamentals of microelectronics, 2nd ed. (Wiley, Hoboken, 2006).

 

13. H. Spieler, Semiconductor detector systems, 2nd ed. (Oxford University Press, New York, 2005).

 

14. A. Mousazadeh, M. Kafaee, M. Ashraf, Ranking of commercial photodiodes in radiation detection using multiple-attribute decision making approach, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 987, 164839 (2021).

Keywords

Ionization radiation detection
X ray
Photodiode
Pulse mode
1. B. Kainka, Measure gamma rays with a photodiode, Radiation Detector Using a BPW34, Elektor, 419, 22 (2011).
 
2. F. Baniyaghoobi, et al., Radiation accidents and how to deal with it, MCS, 1(1), 43 (2014) (In Persian).
 
3. S. Zhao, G. Lioliou, A.M. Barnett, X-ray spectrometer with a low-cost SiC photodiode, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., 887, 168 (2018).
 
4. P. Mitra, et al., Optimum Energy Compensation for Current Mode Application of Silicon PIN Diode in Gamma Radiation Detection, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 63(6), 2777 (2016).
 
5. B. Kainka, Improved Radiation meter, counter for alpha, beta and gamma radiation, Elektor, 99, 20 (2011).
 
6. B. Kainka, Radiation Meter Reloaded, Simple modifications open up new possibilities, Elektor, 102, 54 (2012).
 
7. T. Beckers, Radiation meter, Elektor, 102, 44 (2012).
 
8. J. Rodriguez, M.S. thesis, Texas Tech University, (2014).
 
9. E. Emirhan, et al., A low cost X-ray imaging device based on BPW-34 Si-PIN photodiode, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., 819, 1 (2016).
 
10. G.F. Knoll, Radiation detection and measurement, 4th ed. (Wiley, Ann Arbor, 2010).
 
11. M. Nakhostin, Signal Processing for Radiation Detectors, 1st  ed. (Wiley, Hoboken, 2018).
 
12. B. Razavi, Fundamentals of microelectronics, 2nd ed. (Wiley, Hoboken, 2006).
 
13. H. Spieler, Semiconductor detector systems, 2nd ed. (Oxford University Press, New York, 2005).
 
14. A. Mousazadeh, M. Kafaee, M. Ashraf, Ranking of commercial photodiodes in radiation detection using multiple-attribute decision making approach, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 987, 164839 (2021).

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