Journal of Nuclear Science, Engineering and Technology (JONSAT)
In cooperation with the Iranian Nuclear Society

Evaluation of the protective effect of inactivated foot and mouth disease subtype A-IRAN-05 using an electron beam in a guinea pig model

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

F. Motamedi Sedeh
M. Behgar
S.M. Moosavi

Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, AEOI, P.O.Box: 31485-1498, Karaj - Iran

https://doi.org/10.24200/nst.2022.1061.1717
Abstract
Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) can cause a lot of economic losses in livestock. In this research FMDV subtype A-IRAN-05 was used. FMDV was multiplied on BHK21 cells and irradiated by electron beam (10, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 kGy), then the dose/response curve was drawn by Origin software. D10 value and optimum dose for virus inactivation according to the dose/ response curve and the results of the safety test and Complement Fixation test for the evaluation of antigenic characteristics were obtained at 8.33 and 55 kGy, respectively. Then irradiated vaccine and conventional vaccine were formulated with Aluminum Hydroxide gel and Saponin and used for injection on the guinea pig. The neutralizing antibody titration and splenic lymphocyte proliferation assay were shown a significant increase in humeral and cellular immunity induction in the irradiated vaccine and conventional vaccine to the negative control group (P<0.05). Also, the protective doses of irradiated and conventional vaccines were obtained at 6.28 and 6.13, respectively. It indicated the protective effect of both of the vaccines on a guinea pig.

Highlights

  1. S. Alexandersen, et al., The Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Comp. Path, 129, 1-36 (2003).

 

  1. M.J. Grubman, B. Baxt, Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Clini Microb Revie, 17, 465-493 (2004).

 

  1. W. Genoza, Inactivation of viruses by ionizing radiation and by heat, In K. aramorosch and H. Koprowski (ed.), Methods in virol. (Academic Press Inc., New York, 1968).

 

  1. R.T. Jordan, L.L. Kempe, Inactivation of some animal viruses with gamma radiation from cobalt 60, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 91, 212-215 (1956).

 

  1. J.R. Polley, The use of gamma radiation for the preparation of virus vaccines, Can. J. Microbiol, 8, 455-459 (1962).

 

  1. S.B. Sohini, D.P. Suresh, Ionizing Radiation Technologies for Vaccine Development A Mini Review, Frontiers in Immunology, 13, (2022). doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.845514.

 

  1. H.S. Lemke, A.V. Sinskey, Viruses and ionizing radiation in respect to waste water treatment, Proceedings of the International Atomic Energy Association Symposium on Radiation for a Clean Environment. Int. Atomic Energy Assoc. (Vienna), 402, 99-120 (1975).

 

  1. J. Simon, G. Tamasi, Data on the disinfection of liquid manure by gamma irradiation at Baja, Hungary, Proceedings of the International Atomic Energy Association Symposium on Radiation for a Clean Environment.Int. Atomic Energy Assoc. (Vienna) STI PUB, 402, 209- 216 (1975).

 

  1. L.B. Sztanyik, et al, Panel on the radiation treatment of wastes, Proceedings of the International Atomic Energy Association Symposium on Radiation for a Clean Environment. Int. Atomic Energy Assoc. (Vienna) STI PUB, 402, 645-656 (1975).

 

  1. F.C. Thomas, et al, Inactivation by Gamma Irradiation of Animal Viruses in Simulated Laboratory Effluent, Appli. Enviro. Microbio. May, 1051-1056 (1982).

 

  1. N.K. Blackburn, T.G. Besselaar, A study of the effect of chemical inactivants on the epitopes of Rift Valley fever virus glycoproteins using monoclonal antibodies, J. Virol. Methods, 33, 367-374 (1991).

 

  1. M. Lombard, P.P. Pastoret, A.M. Moulin, A brief history of vaccines and vaccination, Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz, 26, 29-48 (2007).

 

  1. L.J. Reed, H. Muench, A Simple Method of Estimating Fifty Per Cent Endpoints, Am. J. Epidemiol, 27, 493-497 (1938).

 

  1. C. Lei, et al., On the Calculation of TCID50 for Quantitation of Virus Infectivity, Virol. Sin, 36(1), 141-144 (2021).

 

  1. Y. Jian-Zhong, et al., Recombinant Bivalent Vaccine against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O/A Infection in Guinea Pig, Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica, 36(9), 589–596 (2004).

 

  1. L.M. Stark, A.L. Lewis, Complement Fixation Test, In: Specter S., Lancz G.,

editors. Clinical Virology Manual, (New York: Published Elsevier, 203-208, 1992).

 

  1. E.E. Smolko, J.H. Lombardo, Virus inactivation studies using ion beams, electron and gamma irradiation, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research., B 236, 249-253 (2005).

 

  1. F. Motamedi Sedeh, et al., Production of Foot and Mouth Disease Type O Vaccine by Nuclear and Molecular Methods, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, (1393) (In Persian).

 

  1. M.J. Grubman, S.A. Lewis, D.O. Morgan, Protection of swine against foot-and-mouth disease with viral capsid proteins expressed in heterologous systems, Vaccine, 11(8), 825-829 (1993).

 

  1. J. Roosien, et al., Synthesis of foot-andmouth disease virus capsid proteins in insect cells using baculovirus expression vectors, J. Gener.Virol, 71(8), 1703-1711 (1990).

 

  1. J. Chinsangaram, et al., Antibody response in mice inoculated with DNA expressing foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins, J. Virol, 72(5), 4454- 4457 (1998).

 

  1. N. Goris, et al., Foot-and-mouth disease vaccine potency testing in cattle using homologous and heterologous challenge strains: precision of the “Protection against Podal Generalisation” test, Vaccine, 26(27-28), 3432–3437 (2008).

 

  1. F. Motamedi Sedeh, et al., Production of Tetra-Valente Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine by Nuclear Methods in Livestock (Cattle), Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, (1399) (In Persian).

 

  1. F. Motamedi Sedeh, et al., FMD virus type Asia-1 irradiated vaccine and evaluation of immune response on guinea-pig model, Biol. J. Microoganism, 23, 57-66 (2017).

 

  1. T. Preuss, et al., Comparison of two methods for inactivation of viruses in serum, Clinical and Diagno Labor, Immunol, 4(5), 504-508 (1997).

 

  1. F. Motamedi-Sedeh, et al., Protection of Litopenaeus vannamei against white spot syndrome virus by electron-irradiated inactivated vaccine and prebiotic immunogen, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 130, 421–425 (2017).

 

  1. J.H. Lombardo, E.A. Smolko, Biotechnology project with agamma radiation source of 100,000 Ci, Radiat Phys Chem, 35 (4-6), 585-589 (1990).

 

  1. M. Alsharifi, A. Mullbacher, The c-irradiated influenza vaccine and the prospect of producing safe vaccines in general, Immunol. Cell. Biol., 88, 103–104 (2010).

 

  1. Y. Furuya, et al., Effect of inactivation method on the crossprotective immunity induced by whole ‘killed’ influenza A viruses and commercial vaccine preparations, J. Gene. Virol, 91, 1450–1460 (2010).

 

  1. F. Motamedi Sedeh, et al., Evaluation of Immune Responses and Histopathological Effects against Gamma Irradiated Avian Influenza (Sub type H9N2) Vaccine on Broiler, Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 63 (2020).

 

  1. J. Fertey, et al., Pathogens Inactivated by Low-Energy-Electron Irradiation Maintain Antigenic Properties and Induce Protective Immune Responses, Viruses, 8(11), 319 (2016).

 

  1. IAEA, Database of Industrial Irradiation Facilities. E-Beam and X-ray (2022), https://nucleus.iaea.org/sites/diif/Pages/EBeam%20and%20XrayRT.aspx.

Keywords

Irradiation
Electron
Foot
and mouth disease virus
Immune response
Antibody titration
  1. S. Alexandersen, et al., The Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Comp. Path, 129, 1-36 (2003).

 

  1. M.J. Grubman, B. Baxt, Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Clini Microb Revie, 17, 465-493 (2004).

 

  1. W. Genoza, Inactivation of viruses by ionizing radiation and by heat, In K. aramorosch and H. Koprowski (ed.), Methods in virol. (Academic Press Inc., New York, 1968).

 

  1. R.T. Jordan, L.L. Kempe, Inactivation of some animal viruses with gamma radiation from cobalt 60, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 91, 212-215 (1956).

 

  1. J.R. Polley, The use of gamma radiation for the preparation of virus vaccines, Can. J. Microbiol, 8, 455-459 (1962).

 

  1. S.B. Sohini, D.P. Suresh, Ionizing Radiation Technologies for Vaccine Development A Mini Review, Frontiers in Immunology, 13, (2022). doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.845514.

 

  1. H.S. Lemke, A.V. Sinskey, Viruses and ionizing radiation in respect to waste water treatment, Proceedings of the International Atomic Energy Association Symposium on Radiation for a Clean Environment. Int. Atomic Energy Assoc. (Vienna), 402, 99-120 (1975).

 

  1. J. Simon, G. Tamasi, Data on the disinfection of liquid manure by gamma irradiation at Baja, Hungary, Proceedings of the International Atomic Energy Association Symposium on Radiation for a Clean Environment.Int. Atomic Energy Assoc. (Vienna) STI PUB, 402, 209- 216 (1975).

 

  1. L.B. Sztanyik, et al, Panel on the radiation treatment of wastes, Proceedings of the International Atomic Energy Association Symposium on Radiation for a Clean Environment. Int. Atomic Energy Assoc. (Vienna) STI PUB, 402, 645-656 (1975).

 

  1. F.C. Thomas, et al, Inactivation by Gamma Irradiation of Animal Viruses in Simulated Laboratory Effluent, Appli. Enviro. Microbio. May, 1051-1056 (1982).

 

  1. N.K. Blackburn, T.G. Besselaar, A study of the effect of chemical inactivants on the epitopes of Rift Valley fever virus glycoproteins using monoclonal antibodies, J. Virol. Methods, 33, 367-374 (1991).

 

  1. M. Lombard, P.P. Pastoret, A.M. Moulin, A brief history of vaccines and vaccination, Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz, 26, 29-48 (2007).

 

  1. L.J. Reed, H. Muench, A Simple Method of Estimating Fifty Per Cent Endpoints, Am. J. Epidemiol, 27, 493-497 (1938).

 

  1. C. Lei, et al., On the Calculation of TCID50 for Quantitation of Virus Infectivity, Virol. Sin, 36(1), 141-144 (2021).

 

  1. Y. Jian-Zhong, et al., Recombinant Bivalent Vaccine against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O/A Infection in Guinea Pig, Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica, 36(9), 589–596 (2004).

 

  1. L.M. Stark, A.L. Lewis, Complement Fixation Test, In: Specter S., Lancz G.,

editors. Clinical Virology Manual, (New York: Published Elsevier, 203-208, 1992).

 

  1. E.E. Smolko, J.H. Lombardo, Virus inactivation studies using ion beams, electron and gamma irradiation, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research., B 236, 249-253 (2005).

 

  1. F. Motamedi Sedeh, et al., Production of Foot and Mouth Disease Type O Vaccine by Nuclear and Molecular Methods, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, (1393) (In Persian).

 

  1. M.J. Grubman, S.A. Lewis, D.O. Morgan, Protection of swine against foot-and-mouth disease with viral capsid proteins expressed in heterologous systems, Vaccine, 11(8), 825-829 (1993).

 

  1. J. Roosien, et al., Synthesis of foot-andmouth disease virus capsid proteins in insect cells using baculovirus expression vectors, J. Gener.Virol, 71(8), 1703-1711 (1990).

 

  1. J. Chinsangaram, et al., Antibody response in mice inoculated with DNA expressing foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins, J. Virol, 72(5), 4454- 4457 (1998).

 

  1. N. Goris, et al., Foot-and-mouth disease vaccine potency testing in cattle using homologous and heterologous challenge strains: precision of the “Protection against Podal Generalisation” test, Vaccine, 26(27-28), 3432–3437 (2008).

 

  1. F. Motamedi Sedeh, et al., Production of Tetra-Valente Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine by Nuclear Methods in Livestock (Cattle), Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, (1399) (In Persian).

 

  1. F. Motamedi Sedeh, et al., FMD virus type Asia-1 irradiated vaccine and evaluation of immune response on guinea-pig model, Biol. J. Microoganism, 23, 57-66 (2017).

 

  1. T. Preuss, et al., Comparison of two methods for inactivation of viruses in serum, Clinical and Diagno Labor, Immunol, 4(5), 504-508 (1997).

 

  1. F. Motamedi-Sedeh, et al., Protection of Litopenaeus vannamei against white spot syndrome virus by electron-irradiated inactivated vaccine and prebiotic immunogen, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 130, 421–425 (2017).

 

  1. J.H. Lombardo, E.A. Smolko, Biotechnology project with agamma radiation source of 100,000 Ci, Radiat Phys Chem, 35 (4-6), 585-589 (1990).

 

  1. M. Alsharifi, A. Mullbacher, The c-irradiated influenza vaccine and the prospect of producing safe vaccines in general, Immunol. Cell. Biol., 88, 103–104 (2010).

 

  1. Y. Furuya, et al., Effect of inactivation method on the crossprotective immunity induced by whole ‘killed’ influenza A viruses and commercial vaccine preparations, J. Gene. Virol, 91, 1450–1460 (2010).

 

  1. F. Motamedi Sedeh, et al., Evaluation of Immune Responses and Histopathological Effects against Gamma Irradiated Avian Influenza (Sub type H9N2) Vaccine on Broiler, Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 63 (2020).

 

  1. J. Fertey, et al., Pathogens Inactivated by Low-Energy-Electron Irradiation Maintain Antigenic Properties and Induce Protective Immune Responses, Viruses, 8(11), 319 (2016).

 

  1. IAEA, Database of Industrial Irradiation Facilities. E-Beam and X-ray (2022), https://nucleus.iaea.org/sites/diif/Pages/EBeam%20and%20XrayRT.aspx.

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