Document Type : Research Paper
Author
Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, AEOI, P.O.Box: 11365-8486, Tehran - Iran
Abstract
In this study, an online homogenous sedimentation method was utilized for the in situ production of micro particles to be used as an adsorbent for solid-phase extraction of molybdenum. The process involved the dissolution of yellow cake and the conversion of molybdenum (VI) into a hydrophobic complex, followed by the addition of n-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide as a precursor to the sample solution. A precipitant reagent, sodium hexafluoride, was then introduced into the solution through a T connection in a flow system. Micro particles were produced as a result of the interaction between the precursor and the precipitant reagent, which then adsorbed the molybdenum complex. After filtration, a desorption reagent was passed over the filter to release the adsorbed molybdenum, which was subsequently measured using ICP-OES. The method yielded a linear range of 0.2-200 µg/L, with a limit of detection of 0.05 µg/g. The repeatability of the method (RSD) was found to be 8.1% and 4.3% for concentrations of 10 and 100 µg/g, respectively. Overall, this method demonstrates potential for the precise and accurate determination of molybdenum in yellow cake samples.
Highlights
- Weiss N. Mineral Processing Handbook. American Institute of Mining Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineering Inc. Kings Port Press. USA 1985.
- IAEA, Uranium extraction technology. Technical Reports Series. 1993;359.
- Korkisch J, Gross H. Determination of vanadium and molybdenum by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. Talanta. 1973;11:1153-1165.
- Korkisch J, Steffan I. Analysis of nuclear raw materials. II. Spectrophotometric determination of molybdenum in yellow cake samples after prior separation by anion exchange (in German). Mikrochim. Acta. 1973;4:545-557.
- Liang P, Liu Y, Guo L. Determination of molybdenum in steel samples by ICP-AES after separation and preconcentration using nanometre-sized titanium dioxide. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2004;19:1006-1009.
- Divarova V, Saravanska A, Toncheva G, Milcheva N. Spectrophotometric Determination of Molybdenum(VI) as a Ternary Complex with 4-Nitrocatechol and Benzalkonium Chloride. Molecules. 2022;27(4):1217-1223.
- Ivanov V.M, Kochelaeva G.A, Prokhorova G.V. Methods for Determining Molybdenum. J. Anal. Chem. 2002;57:758–772.
- Filik H, Tütem E, Apak R. Use of the molybdenum–thiocyanate–rhodamine 6G ternary complex for spectrophotometric molybdenum determination without extraction. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2004;50:77-82.
- Pyrzynska K. Determination of molybdenum in environmental samples. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2007;590:40-48.
- Kara D, Karadaş C. A simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace levels of molybdenum using N,N′-bis(2-hydroxy-5-bromo-benzyl)1,2 diaminopropane. Spectrochim. Acta Part A. 2015;147:158–162.
- Amin A.S, Moustafa I.M, El-Sharjawy A.A. Utilization of Cloud-Point Preconcentration for Spectrophotometric Determination of Trace Amounts of Molybdenum(VI) in Plants and Water Samples. Can. Chem. Trans. 2015;3:486–496.
- Radhika S, Kumar B.N, Kantam M.L, Reddy B.R. Liquid–liquid extraction and separation possibilities of heavy and light rare-earths from phosphoric acid solutions with acidic organophosphorus reagents. Separation and Purification Technology. 2010;75(3):295-302.
- Xie F, Zhang T.A, Dreisinger D, Doyle F. A critical review on solvent extraction of rare earths from aqueous solutions. Minerals Engineering. 2014;56:10-28.
- Khanramaki F, Zahakifar F. Separation of impurities from yellow cake by solvent extraction method with Aliquat 336 as extractant. Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology. 2024;45(3):21-30.
- Kumar J.R, Kim J.S, Lee J.Y, Yoon H.S. A brief review on solvent extraction of uranium from acidic solutions. Separation & Purification Reviews. 2011;40(2):77-125.
- Hennion M.-C, Cau-Dit-Coumes C, Pichon V. Trace analysis of polar organic pollutants in aqueous samples: Tools for the rapid prediction and optimisation of the solid-phase extraction parameters. J. Chromatogr. A. 1998;823:147-161.
- Camel V. Solid phase extraction of trace elements. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy. 2003;58:1177-1233.
- Neil C.D, Marc D.P, James S.F. Principles and applications of colorimetric solid-phase extraction with negligible depletion. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2006;558:230-236.
- Korkisch J, Gross H. Determination of vanadium and molybdenum by atomic-absorption spectro-photometry. Talanta. 1973;20:1153-I 165.
- Zhou Z, Niu Y, Deng H, Zhang Y, Chang X, Cao X, Ye K. Recovery of molybdenum from uranium raffinate solution containing phosphorus. Separation Science and Technology. 2020;56(17):2920-2929.
- Varga Z, Wallenius M, Mayer K, Meppen M. Analysis of uranium ore concentrates for origin assessment. Proceedings in Radiochemistry. 2011;1:27-30.
- Yousefi S.R, Shemirani F. Novel method for insitu surfactant-based solid-phase extraction: application to the determination of Co(II) and Ni(II) in aqueous samples. Microchim Acta. 2011;173:4-9.
Keywords
- Weiss N. Mineral Processing Handbook. American Institute of Mining Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineering Inc. Kings Port Press. USA 1985.
- IAEA, Uranium extraction technology. Technical Reports Series. 1993;359.
- Korkisch J, Gross H. Determination of vanadium and molybdenum by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. Talanta. 1973;11:1153-1165.
- Korkisch J, Steffan I. Analysis of nuclear raw materials. II. Spectrophotometric determination of molybdenum in yellow cake samples after prior separation by anion exchange (in German). Mikrochim. Acta. 1973;4:545-557.
- Liang P, Liu Y, Guo L. Determination of molybdenum in steel samples by ICP-AES after separation and preconcentration using nanometre-sized titanium dioxide. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2004;19:1006-1009.
- Divarova V, Saravanska A, Toncheva G, Milcheva N. Spectrophotometric Determination of Molybdenum(VI) as a Ternary Complex with 4-Nitrocatechol and Benzalkonium Chloride. Molecules. 2022;27(4):1217-1223.
- Ivanov V.M, Kochelaeva G.A, Prokhorova G.V. Methods for Determining Molybdenum. J. Anal. Chem. 2002;57:758–772.
- Filik H, Tütem E, Apak R. Use of the molybdenum–thiocyanate–rhodamine 6G ternary complex for spectrophotometric molybdenum determination without extraction. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2004;50:77-82.
- Pyrzynska K. Determination of molybdenum in environmental samples. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2007;590:40-48.
- Kara D, Karadaş C. A simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace levels of molybdenum using N,N′-bis(2-hydroxy-5-bromo-benzyl)1,2 diaminopropane. Spectrochim. Acta Part A. 2015;147:158–162.
- Amin A.S, Moustafa I.M, El-Sharjawy A.A. Utilization of Cloud-Point Preconcentration for Spectrophotometric Determination of Trace Amounts of Molybdenum(VI) in Plants and Water Samples. Can. Chem. Trans. 2015;3:486–496.
- Radhika S, Kumar B.N, Kantam M.L, Reddy B.R. Liquid–liquid extraction and separation possibilities of heavy and light rare-earths from phosphoric acid solutions with acidic organophosphorus reagents. Separation and Purification Technology. 2010;75(3):295-302.
- Xie F, Zhang T.A, Dreisinger D, Doyle F. A critical review on solvent extraction of rare earths from aqueous solutions. Minerals Engineering. 2014;56:10-28.
- Khanramaki F, Zahakifar F. Separation of impurities from yellow cake by solvent extraction method with Aliquat 336 as extractant. Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology. 2024;45(3):21-30.
- Kumar J.R, Kim J.S, Lee J.Y, Yoon H.S. A brief review on solvent extraction of uranium from acidic solutions. Separation & Purification Reviews. 2011;40(2):77-125.
- Hennion M.-C, Cau-Dit-Coumes C, Pichon V. Trace analysis of polar organic pollutants in aqueous samples: Tools for the rapid prediction and optimisation of the solid-phase extraction parameters. J. Chromatogr. A. 1998;823:147-161.
- Camel V. Solid phase extraction of trace elements. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy. 2003;58:1177-1233.
- Neil C.D, Marc D.P, James S.F. Principles and applications of colorimetric solid-phase extraction with negligible depletion. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2006;558:230-236.
- Korkisch J, Gross H. Determination of vanadium and molybdenum by atomic-absorption spectro-photometry. Talanta. 1973;20:1153-I 165.
- Zhou Z, Niu Y, Deng H, Zhang Y, Chang X, Cao X, Ye K. Recovery of molybdenum from uranium raffinate solution containing phosphorus. Separation Science and Technology. 2020;56(17):2920-2929.
- Varga Z, Wallenius M, Mayer K, Meppen M. Analysis of uranium ore concentrates for origin assessment. Proceedings in Radiochemistry. 2011;1:27-30.
- Yousefi S.R, Shemirani F. Novel method for insitu surfactant-based solid-phase extraction: application to the determination of Co(II) and Ni(II) in aqueous samples. Microchim Acta. 2011;173:4-9.