Journal of Nuclear Science, Engineering and Technology (JONSAT)
In cooperation with the Iranian Nuclear Society

Measurement of Qualitative Control Parameters of Imaging Detector Gd2O2S:Tb3+

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

M Nazari
H Zamani Zeinali
N Abagheri Mahabadi
Abstract
An imaging detector system based on scintillation detectors is designed, fabricated, and optimized for using in diagnostic radiology, industrial radiography, nuclear medicine, and research domain. The X ray from a Siemens Stabilipan Orthovoltage (SSO) unit after passing through an object, which may be a living sample or an electronic device, produces a planar distribution of visible light on a Gd2O2S:Tb3+(GOS), which is the image of the object under the examination. The image quality parameters, including the contrast and resolution were determined by the inpatient quality indicator (IQI) tests. The imaging practices were adopted for different X ray tube voltages (kV), and focal-spot surface distances (FSD). The data corresponding to the imaging quality parameters were subsequently analyzed and plotted by MATLAB and ORIGIN softwares. The results for the image quality parameters, that is, the contrast and resolution, for different X ray tube voltages were found to be fairly close to each other. Thus, the imaging system has the capability to be used for different X ray energies and radionuclides with relatively desired results. The study is considered to be an initiative for fabricating industrial fluoroscopy and radiation surveillance systems.

Highlights

  1. N. Soulfanidis, Translated by R. Koohi, M.H. HadiZade-Yazdi, Measurement and detection of radiation, Pub Simin (1991).

 2.   Curry Thomas, Dowdey James, Murry Robert, Translated by A. Takavar, M. Eftekhari, Christensen’s Physics of Diagnostic Radiology, Pub Aijh, 138 (2006).

  1. Steven J. Duclos, Scintillator Phosphors for Medical Imaging, The Electrochemical Society Interface, Summer (1998) 34-38.
  2. David J. Krus, Precision linear and two-dimensional scintillation crystal arrays for x- ray and gamma ray imaging applications, Presented at The SPIE International symposium on Optical Science, July (1999) 18-23.

 5.   M. Heydarian, Fundamental Physics of Radiology and Imaging Methods, Pub Qods Razavi (2001) 246.

 6.   I. Kandarakis, D. Cavouras, G. Panayiotakis, T. Agelis, C. Nomicosand GGiakoumakis, X-ray induced luminescence and spatial of La2O2S:Tb phosphor screens, Phys. Med. Biol, 41 (1996) 297-307.

 7.   I. Kandarakis, D. Cavouras, Experimental and theoretical assessment of the performance of Gd2O2S:Tb and La2O2S:Tb Phosphors and Gd2O2S:Tb-La2O2S:Tb mixtures for X-ray imaging, Eur. Radiol, 11 (2001) 1083-1091.

 8.   United States Patent, US 6, 676, 854 B2 (2004).

 9.   D. Cavouras, An experimental method to determine the effective luminescence efficiency of scintillator-photoetector combinations used in X-ray medical imaging systems, The British of Radiolgy, 71 (1998) 766-772.

 10.www.fa.wikipedia.org.

 11.www.xrayit.com/products.

 12.G.E. Giakoumakist, C.D. Nomicos, P.X. Sandilos, Absolute efficiency of Gd2O2S:Tb screens under fluoroscopic conditions, Phys. Med. Biol, 6 (1989) 673-678.

13.S. Chatterjee, Virendra Shanker, Harish Chander, Thermoluminescence of Tb doped Gd2O2S phosphor, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 80 (2003) 719-724.

 14.R. Morlotti, The Effect of Co-Doping by Ca+2, Ta+5, Sn+4 and Ru+4 Ions on the X-Ray Luminscent Properties of Gd2O2S:Tb+3 Phosphors, Jornal of the Electrochemical Society, 4 (2003) H81-H84.

 15.K.A. Wickersheim, R.V. Alves, R.A. Buchanan, Rareearthoxysulfide x-ray phosphors, IEEE Trans, Nucl. Sci. 17 (1970) 57–60.

 16.A.L.N. Stevels, A.D.M. Schrama-de Pauw, Vapour-deposited CsI:Na layers: I. Morphologic and crystallographic properties, Philips Res. Repts, 29 (1974) 340–352.

 17.A.L.N. Stevels, A.D.M. Schrama-de Pauw, Vapour-deposited CsI:Na layers: II. Screens for application inx-ray imaging devices, Philips Res. Repts, 29 (1974) 353–362.

18.INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS- ORGA NIZATION, X and Gamma Reference Radiation for Calibrating Dose Meters and Dose Rate Meters and for Determining Their Response as a Function Photon Energy-Characteristics of the Radiation and Their Methods of Production, ISO Standard (1996) 4037-1.

 19.http://www.nonius.com/KappaCCD/manuals/techinfo/techinfo.html.

 20.www.Samsungtechwin.com.

 21.www.samsungcctv.com.

 22.W.F.B. Vosslamber, H.H. Kiewiet, J.M. Schippers, X-ray imaging of rats by a scintillating screen and a CCD camera, File translated from TEX by TTH, version, 2.60 (2000).

 23.M. Tapiovaara, Objective Measurment of Image Quality in Fluoroscopic X-Ray Equipment, Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (2003) A196.

Keywords

Imaging Detector
Gd2O2S:Tb3+
Qualitative Control
Fluoroscopy
  1. N. Soulfanidis, Translated by R. Koohi, M.H. HadiZade-Yazdi, Measurement and detection of radiation, Pub Simin (1991).

 2.   Curry Thomas, Dowdey James, Murry Robert, Translated by A. Takavar, M. Eftekhari, Christensen’s Physics of Diagnostic Radiology, Pub Aijh, 138 (2006).

  1. Steven J. Duclos, Scintillator Phosphors for Medical Imaging, The Electrochemical Society Interface, Summer (1998) 34-38.
  2. David J. Krus, Precision linear and two-dimensional scintillation crystal arrays for x- ray and gamma ray imaging applications, Presented at The SPIE International symposium on Optical Science, July (1999) 18-23.

 5.   M. Heydarian, Fundamental Physics of Radiology and Imaging Methods, Pub Qods Razavi (2001) 246.

 6.   I. Kandarakis, D. Cavouras, G. Panayiotakis, T. Agelis, C. Nomicosand GGiakoumakis, X-ray induced luminescence and spatial of La2O2S:Tb phosphor screens, Phys. Med. Biol, 41 (1996) 297-307.

 7.   I. Kandarakis, D. Cavouras, Experimental and theoretical assessment of the performance of Gd2O2S:Tb and La2O2S:Tb Phosphors and Gd2O2S:Tb-La2O2S:Tb mixtures for X-ray imaging, Eur. Radiol, 11 (2001) 1083-1091.

 8.   United States Patent, US 6, 676, 854 B2 (2004).

 9.   D. Cavouras, An experimental method to determine the effective luminescence efficiency of scintillator-photoetector combinations used in X-ray medical imaging systems, The British of Radiolgy, 71 (1998) 766-772.

 10.www.fa.wikipedia.org.

 11.www.xrayit.com/products.

 12.G.E. Giakoumakist, C.D. Nomicos, P.X. Sandilos, Absolute efficiency of Gd2O2S:Tb screens under fluoroscopic conditions, Phys. Med. Biol, 6 (1989) 673-678.

13.S. Chatterjee, Virendra Shanker, Harish Chander, Thermoluminescence of Tb doped Gd2O2S phosphor, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 80 (2003) 719-724.

 14.R. Morlotti, The Effect of Co-Doping by Ca+2, Ta+5, Sn+4 and Ru+4 Ions on the X-Ray Luminscent Properties of Gd2O2S:Tb+3 Phosphors, Jornal of the Electrochemical Society, 4 (2003) H81-H84.

 15.K.A. Wickersheim, R.V. Alves, R.A. Buchanan, Rareearthoxysulfide x-ray phosphors, IEEE Trans, Nucl. Sci. 17 (1970) 57–60.

 16.A.L.N. Stevels, A.D.M. Schrama-de Pauw, Vapour-deposited CsI:Na layers: I. Morphologic and crystallographic properties, Philips Res. Repts, 29 (1974) 340–352.

 17.A.L.N. Stevels, A.D.M. Schrama-de Pauw, Vapour-deposited CsI:Na layers: II. Screens for application inx-ray imaging devices, Philips Res. Repts, 29 (1974) 353–362.

18.INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS- ORGA NIZATION, X and Gamma Reference Radiation for Calibrating Dose Meters and Dose Rate Meters and for Determining Their Response as a Function Photon Energy-Characteristics of the Radiation and Their Methods of Production, ISO Standard (1996) 4037-1.

 19.http://www.nonius.com/KappaCCD/manuals/techinfo/techinfo.html.

 20.www.Samsungtechwin.com.

 21.www.samsungcctv.com.

 22.W.F.B. Vosslamber, H.H. Kiewiet, J.M. Schippers, X-ray imaging of rats by a scintillating screen and a CCD camera, File translated from TEX by TTH, version, 2.60 (2000).

 23.M. Tapiovaara, Objective Measurment of Image Quality in Fluoroscopic X-Ray Equipment, Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (2003) A196.

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