Journal of Nuclear Science, Engineering and Technology (JONSAT)
In cooperation with the Iranian Nuclear Society

Anomaly in H2+ Induced X-Ray Emission: An Experimental approach

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

V Keyvan
O.R Kakuee
F Shokouhi
Abstract
Interaction of energetic ion beam with matter results in atomic excitation and ionization of matter which consequently leads to occurance of the characteristic X-rays fluorescence. In the interaction of energetic molecular beam with matter, the unique phenomena of “Vicinage effect” and “Coulomb explosion” have already been observed and reported. In this research work, the interaction of molecular ion beam with targets of different atomic numbers was investigated. For this purpose, the yields of characteristic X-rays due to interaction of H2+ molecular ion beam with the selected targets were compared with those due to interaction of H+ atomic beam with the same targets. To accomplish this, atomic and molecular beams in the energy range of 1 to 1.4 MeV/u were used to irradiate targets of different atomic numbers, including Cu, Mn and Al. For Mn and Cu. The measured yields of the characteristic X-rays due to the irradiation by the atomic and molecular beams were found to be approximately the same. However, for the Al target, a significant difference was observed for the X-ray characteristic yields due to the irradiation by the atomic and molecular beams.

Highlights

 

  1. 1.    J.F. Ziegler, “Handbook of stopping cross-sections for energetic ions in all elements,” Pergamon Press (1980).

 

  1. 2.    J.F. Ziegler, “Ion implantation technology,” Ion Implantation Technology Co (1996).

 

  1. 3.    J. Turner, “Atoms, radiation and radiation protection,” 1995 2 Edition (Wiley, New York).

 

  1. 4.    P. Sigmund, “Stopping of heavy ions, a theoretical approach,” Springer (2004).

 

  1. 5.    R. Garcuia-Molin, C.D. Denton, F.J. Perez-Perez, I. Abril, N.R. Arista, “Electronic stopping power of amorphous carbon for H2+ and H3+ beams,” Phys. Stat. Sol. 219, 23 (2000).

 

  1. 6.    F. Javier Perez-Perez, Isabel Abril, Rafael Garcia-Molina, N.R. Arista, “Collective effects in the energy loss of large hydrogen clusters,” Physical Review A, 54, 4145-4152 (1996).

 

  1. 7.    W. Brandt, R.H. Ritchie, “Penetration of swift ion clusters through solids,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods 132, 43 (1976).

 

  1. 8.    M.D. Barriga-Carrasco and R. Garcia-Molina, “Vicinage forces between molecular and atomic fragments dissociated from small hydrogen clusters and their effects on energy distributions,” Physical Review A 68, 62902 (2003).

 

  1. 9.    C.D. Denton, “Effect of the neutral charge fraction in the Coulomb explosion of H2+ ions through aluminum foils,” Nucl. Instrum and Meth B 193, 198-203 (2002).

 

10. A.V. Phelps, “Energetic ion, atom, and molecule reactions and excitation in low-current H2 discharges: Model,” Phys. Rev. E 79, 066401 (2009).

 

11. E.A. Figueroa, N.R. Arista, J.C. Eckardt, G.H. Lantschner, “Determination of the difference between the mean and the most probable energy loss of low-energy proton beams traversing thin solid,” Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 256, 126-130 (2007).

 

12. S. Heredia-Avalos, R. Garcia-Molina, “Projectile polarization effects in the energy loss of swift ions in solids,” Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B193, 15-19 (2002).

 

13. J.R. Bird, “Ion beam for materials analysis,” Academic Press (1989).

 

14. M. Hajivaliei, et al., “Application of PIXE to study ancient Iranian silver coins,” Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys Res 266, 1578-1582 (2008).

 

15. M. Goudarzi, F. Shokouhi, M. Lamehi-Rachti, P. Oliaiy, L-subshell, total M-shell X-ray production cross sections of Ta, W, Pt, Au, Pb and Bi by 0.7–2.4 MeV protons,” Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys Res B 247, 217-222 (2006).

 

16. http://www.iaea.or.at/programmes/ripc/physics/faznic/winqxas.htm.

 

17. S.J. Cipolla, “The united atom approximation option in the ISICS program to calculate K-, L- and M-shell cross sections from PWBA and ECPSSR theory,” Nucl. Inst. and Meth.in Phys. Res. B261, 142-144 (2007).

 

18. I. Han, M. Sahin. L. Demir, Y. Sahin, “Measurement of K X-ray fluorescence cross-sections, fluorescence yields and intensity ratios for some elements in the atomic range 22≤Z≤68”, Applied Radiation and Isotopes 65, 669-675 (2007).

 

19. S. SEVEN, “Measurement of Photon-Induced K X-Rays Production Cross Section for Elements with 62≤Z≤74,” Turk. J. Phys. 26, 483–489 (2002).

 

20. “The GUPIXWIN Manual and User-guide,” Version 2.1 (2007).

 

 

Keywords

Characteristic X-Ray Fluorescence
Vicinage Effect
Coulomb Explosion
H2+ Molecular Beam

  1.  

    1. 1.    J.F. Ziegler, “Handbook of stopping cross-sections for energetic ions in all elements,” Pergamon Press (1980).

     

    1. 2.    J.F. Ziegler, “Ion implantation technology,” Ion Implantation Technology Co (1996).

     

    1. 3.    J. Turner, “Atoms, radiation and radiation protection,” 1995 2 Edition (Wiley, New York).

     

    1. 4.    P. Sigmund, “Stopping of heavy ions, a theoretical approach,” Springer (2004).

     

    1. 5.    R. Garcuia-Molin, C.D. Denton, F.J. Perez-Perez, I. Abril, N.R. Arista, “Electronic stopping power of amorphous carbon for H2+ and H3+ beams,” Phys. Stat. Sol. 219, 23 (2000).

     

    1. 6.    F. Javier Perez-Perez, Isabel Abril, Rafael Garcia-Molina, N.R. Arista, “Collective effects in the energy loss of large hydrogen clusters,” Physical Review A, 54, 4145-4152 (1996).

     

    1. 7.    W. Brandt, R.H. Ritchie, “Penetration of swift ion clusters through solids,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods 132, 43 (1976).

     

    1. 8.    M.D. Barriga-Carrasco and R. Garcia-Molina, “Vicinage forces between molecular and atomic fragments dissociated from small hydrogen clusters and their effects on energy distributions,” Physical Review A 68, 62902 (2003).

     

    1. 9.    C.D. Denton, “Effect of the neutral charge fraction in the Coulomb explosion of H2+ ions through aluminum foils,” Nucl. Instrum and Meth B 193, 198-203 (2002).

     

    10. A.V. Phelps, “Energetic ion, atom, and molecule reactions and excitation in low-current H2 discharges: Model,” Phys. Rev. E 79, 066401 (2009).

     

    11. E.A. Figueroa, N.R. Arista, J.C. Eckardt, G.H. Lantschner, “Determination of the difference between the mean and the most probable energy loss of low-energy proton beams traversing thin solid,” Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 256, 126-130 (2007).

     

    12. S. Heredia-Avalos, R. Garcia-Molina, “Projectile polarization effects in the energy loss of swift ions in solids,” Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B193, 15-19 (2002).

     

    13. J.R. Bird, “Ion beam for materials analysis,” Academic Press (1989).

     

    14. M. Hajivaliei, et al., “Application of PIXE to study ancient Iranian silver coins,” Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys Res 266, 1578-1582 (2008).

     

    15. M. Goudarzi, F. Shokouhi, M. Lamehi-Rachti, P. Oliaiy, L-subshell, total M-shell X-ray production cross sections of Ta, W, Pt, Au, Pb and Bi by 0.7–2.4 MeV protons,” Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys Res B 247, 217-222 (2006).

     

    16. http://www.iaea.or.at/programmes/ripc/physics/faznic/winqxas.htm.

     

    17. S.J. Cipolla, “The united atom approximation option in the ISICS program to calculate K-, L- and M-shell cross sections from PWBA and ECPSSR theory,” Nucl. Inst. and Meth.in Phys. Res. B261, 142-144 (2007).

     

    18. I. Han, M. Sahin. L. Demir, Y. Sahin, “Measurement of K X-ray fluorescence cross-sections, fluorescence yields and intensity ratios for some elements in the atomic range 22≤Z≤68”, Applied Radiation and Isotopes 65, 669-675 (2007).

     

    19. S. SEVEN, “Measurement of Photon-Induced K X-Rays Production Cross Section for Elements with 62≤Z≤74,” Turk. J. Phys. 26, 483–489 (2002).

     

    20. “The GUPIXWIN Manual and User-guide,” Version 2.1 (2007).

     

     

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