Heavy Metal Removal from Synthetics Wastes by Natural and  Acid-Activated Bentonites

Jazayeri, S.H; Hayati Ashtiani, M; Ashrafizadeh, S.N; Ghannadi Maragheh, M; Nozad Golikand, A

Heavy Metal Removal from Synthetics Wastes by Natural and Acid-Activated Bentonites

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

S.H Jazayeri

M Hayati Ashtiani

S.N Ashrafizadeh

M Ghannadi Maragheh

A Nozad Golikand

Abstract

This paper examines heavy metals removal from synthetics wastes by the use of natural and sulfuric acid-activated bentonite so that a cheap adsorbent can be attained for removing these metals from the wastes. Bentonite is a 2:1 layer aluminnisilicate whose dominant mineral is montmorillonite which is a nano-structure and nanoporous material. Montmorillonite affects all the properties of bentonite. In the next step, the effect of acid activation on the adsorption of both of lead (Pb) and thallium (Tl) is studied. In this research, after the mineralogical and chemical composition analyses by X-ray diffraction and fluorescence (XRD and XRF) methods, granulometric analysis is carried out on five samples namely, S2-RAW, S3-RAW, ES3-RAW, G1-RAW and GH1-RAW to remove the heavy metals such as Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Tl, Ni, and Zn accompanying atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Then, the effect of four factors including concentration, liquid to solid ratio (L/S), time, and activation temperature in acid activation process were studied. This process is done by a mineral acid, sulfuric acid, to promote the adsorbability of lead and thallium in both natural and activated types of ES3-RAW and GH1-RAW. In all case, due to the presence of dominant mineral of nano-montmorillonite and its unique structure, montmorillonite has a higher adsorbability in comparison with that of the other clay minerals.

Highlights

1. K.A. Carrado, “Introduction: clay structure, surface acidity and catalysis,” in: “Handbook of layered materials” (S.M. Auerbach, K.A. Carrado, P.K. Dutta, Eds), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1 ( 2004).

2. T.J. Pinnavaia, Intercalated Clay Catalysts, Science, 220, 365-371 (1983).

3. R. Virta, USGS minerals information, US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summary, (January 2002). (ftp:// minerals. usgs. gov/ minerals/ pubs/ commodity/ clays/ 190496. pdf).

4. S. Babel and T.A. Kurniawan, “Low cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated water: a review,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, 97, 219-243 (2003).

5. R. Virta, USGS minerals information, US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summary, (January 2001). (ftp:// minerals. usgs. gov/ minerals/ pubs/ commodity/ zeolites/ zeomyb00. pdf).

6. S.K. Ouki, M. Kavanagh, “Performance of natural zeolites for the treatment of mixed metal-contaminated effluents,” Waste Manage. Res, 15, 383-394 (1997).

7. S.M. Jasinski, SGS Minerals Information, US Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summary 2001, (January 2002). (ftp:// minerals. usgs. gov/ minerals/ pubs/ commodity/ peat/ 510302. pdf).

8. S. Babel and T.A. Kurniawan, “Cr (VI) removal from synthetic wastewater using coconut shell charcoal and commercial activated carbon modified with oxidizing agent and/or chitosan,” 54, 951-967 (2004).

9. D.C. Sharma, C.F. Forster, “Removal of hexavelent chromium using sphagnum moss peat,” Water Res, 27, 1201-1208 (1993).

10. T. Mathialagan, T. Viraraghavan, “Adsorption of cadmium from aqueous solutions by perlite,” J. Hazard. Mater, 94, 291-303 (2002).

11. G.L. Rorrer, J.D. Way, “Chitosan beads to remove heavy metal from wastewater,” Dalwoo-ChitoSan (May 2002). (ftp:// dalwoo. com/ chitosan/ rorrer. html).

12. C.E. Marshall, “Layer lattices and base-exchange,” Z. Krist, 91, 433-449 (1935).

13. K.G. Bhattacharyya, S. Sen Gupta, “Influence of acid activation on adsorption of Ni(II) and Cu(II) on kaolinite and montmorillonite: kinetic and thermodynamic study,” Chemical Engineering Journal, 136, 1-13 (2008).

14. K.G. Bhattacharyya, S.S. Gupta, “Adsorption of a few heavy metals on natural and modified kaolinite and montmorillonite: a review,” Advanced Colloid Interface Science, 1-55 (2009).

15. R.S. Lamar, “Bentonite Activation,” California Journal of Mines, 49, 297-302 (1951).

16. S.J. Gregg, “In surface phenomena in chemistry and biology: Danielli, J, Pankhust, K.G.A; Riddiford, A.C; Pergamon Press; London, 195 (1958).

17. F.R.V. Diaz, P.S. Santos, “Studies on the Acid Activation of Brazilian Smectitic Clays,” Quim Nova, 24(3), 345-353 (2001).

18. H.Y. Zhu and S. Yamanaka, “Molecular recognition by Na-loaded alumina pillared Clay,” 93, 477–480 (1997).

19. S.H. Jazayeri, M. Habibian, M. Ghannadi, M. Hayati-Ashtiani, “Instrumental analyses of zeolitic bentonites,” The 1^st Iran International Zeolite Conference (IIZC08), Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran, 29 April-1 May (2008).

20. S. Sen Gupta, K.G. Bhattacharyya, “Adsorption of Ni(II) on Clays,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 295, 21-32 (2006).

21. K.G. Bhattacharyya, S. Sen Gupta, “Adsorption of Co(II) from aqueous medium on natural and acid-activated Kaolinite and montmorillonite,” Separation Science and Technology, 42, 3391-3418 (2007).

22. S. Sen Gupta, K.G. Bhattacharyya, “Interaction of metal ions with clays. I. A Case 367 Study with Pb(II),” Applied Clay Science, 30, 199-206 (2005).

23. S. Simsek, U. Ulusoy, O. Ceyhan, “Adsorption of UO₂²⁺, Tl⁺, Pb²⁺, Ra²⁺ and Ac³⁺ onto polyacryloamide-bentonite composite,” Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 256, 315-321(2003).

24. E. Alvarez-Ayuso, A. Garcia-Sanchez, “Removal of heavy metals from waste waters by natural and Na-exchanged bentonites,” Clays and Clay Minerals; 51, 475-480 (2003).

Keywords

Bentonite

Adsorption

Acid-Activation

Heavy Metals

Nanostructured and Nanoporous Montmorillonite

1. 1. K.A. Carrado, “Introduction: clay structure, surface acidity and catalysis,” in: “Handbook of layered materials” (S.M. Auerbach, K.A. Carrado, P.K. Dutta, Eds), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1 ( 2004).
1. 2. T.J. Pinnavaia, Intercalated Clay Catalysts, Science, 220, 365-371 (1983).
1. 3. R. Virta, USGS minerals information, US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summary, (January 2002). (ftp:// minerals. usgs. gov/ minerals/ pubs/ commodity/ clays/ 190496. pdf).
1. 4. S. Babel and T.A. Kurniawan, “Low cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated water: a review,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, 97, 219-243 (2003).
1. 5. R. Virta, USGS minerals information, US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summary, (January 2001). (ftp:// minerals. usgs. gov/ minerals/ pubs/ commodity/ zeolites/ zeomyb00. pdf).
1. 6. S.K. Ouki, M. Kavanagh, “Performance of natural zeolites for the treatment of mixed metal-contaminated effluents,” Waste Manage. Res, 15, 383-394 (1997).
1. 7. S.M. Jasinski, SGS Minerals Information, US Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summary 2001, (January 2002). (ftp:// minerals. usgs. gov/ minerals/ pubs/ commodity/ peat/ 510302. pdf).
1. 8. S. Babel and T.A. Kurniawan, “Cr (VI) removal from synthetic wastewater using coconut shell charcoal and commercial activated carbon modified with oxidizing agent and/or chitosan,” 54, 951-967 (2004).
1. 9. D.C. Sharma, C.F. Forster, “Removal of hexavelent chromium using sphagnum moss peat,” Water Res, 27, 1201-1208 (1993).
1. 10. T. Mathialagan, T. Viraraghavan, “Adsorption of cadmium from aqueous solutions by perlite,” J. Hazard. Mater, 94, 291-303 (2002).
1. 11. G.L. Rorrer, J.D. Way, “Chitosan beads to remove heavy metal from wastewater,” Dalwoo-ChitoSan (May 2002). (ftp:// dalwoo. com/ chitosan/ rorrer. html).
1. 12. C.E. Marshall, “Layer lattices and base-exchange,” Z. Krist, 91, 433-449 (1935).
1. 13. K.G. Bhattacharyya, S. Sen Gupta, “Influence of acid activation on adsorption of Ni(II) and Cu(II) on kaolinite and montmorillonite: kinetic and thermodynamic study,” Chemical Engineering Journal, 136, 1-13 (2008).
1. 14. K.G. Bhattacharyya, S.S. Gupta, “Adsorption of a few heavy metals on natural and modified kaolinite and montmorillonite: a review,” Advanced Colloid Interface Science, 1-55 (2009).
1. 15. R.S. Lamar, “Bentonite Activation,” California Journal of Mines, 49, 297-302 (1951).
1. 16. S.J. Gregg, “In surface phenomena in chemistry and biology: Danielli, J, Pankhust, K.G.A; Riddiford, A.C; Pergamon Press; London, 195 (1958).
1. 17. F.R.V. Diaz, P.S. Santos, “Studies on the Acid Activation of Brazilian Smectitic Clays,” Quim Nova, 24(3), 345-353 (2001).
1. 18. H.Y. Zhu and S. Yamanaka, “Molecular recognition by Na-loaded alumina pillared Clay,” 93, 477–480 (1997).
19. S.H. Jazayeri, M. Habibian, M. Ghannadi, M. Hayati-Ashtiani, “Instrumental analyses of zeolitic bentonites,” The 1^st Iran International Zeolite Conference (IIZC08), Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran, 29 April-1 May (2008).
1. 20. S. Sen Gupta, K.G. Bhattacharyya, “Adsorption of Ni(II) on Clays,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 295, 21-32 (2006).
1. 21. K.G. Bhattacharyya, S. Sen Gupta, “Adsorption of Co(II) from aqueous medium on natural and acid-activated Kaolinite and montmorillonite,” Separation Science and Technology, 42, 3391-3418 (2007).
1. 22. S. Sen Gupta, K.G. Bhattacharyya, “Interaction of metal ions with clays. I. A Case 367 Study with Pb(II),” Applied Clay Science, 30, 199-206 (2005).
1. 23. S. Simsek, U. Ulusoy, O. Ceyhan, “Adsorption of UO₂²⁺, Tl⁺, Pb²⁺, Ra²⁺ and Ac³⁺ onto polyacryloamide-bentonite composite,” Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 256, 315-321(2003).
24. E. Alvarez-Ayuso, A. Garcia-Sanchez, “Removal of heavy metals from waste waters by natural and Na-exchanged bentonites,” Clays and Clay Minerals; 51, 475-480 (2003).