In cooperation with the Iranian Nuclear Society

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Abstract

Appraisal of the natural radon gas effects on lung cancer, and its applications for earthquake prediction and uranium, petroleum and ground water exploration are well known in many advanced countries, However, it has been almost neglected in Iran. So, radon production mechanisms in soils and rocks , radon and lung cancer, and radon hazard mitigation are reviewed. In addition, the noted postive and applied aspects of radon are discussed, hoping to show advantages of investigation in this field of study to be carried out in Iran.

Highlights

  1. ، “زمین شناسی وپتانسیل مواد معدنی منطقه آبترش- چاروک)شمالشرق رفسنجان(،“ مرکز پژوهش دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان )1369(.

     

    2. م. سهرابی و ع.  سلیمانیان، “بررسی ویژگیهای دزیمتری پاسیو نـفـوذی گـاز رادون جهت تعیین پرتوگیری مردم در خانه‌های مـسـکونی،” نـشـریه علمی سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران شماره 9, 1-18 )1368(.

     

    3.  ه. میرزائی و م.  بیت الهی، “تغییرات پرتوزائی رادیوم-226 از چشمه های آبگرم رامسر،”  نشریه علمی سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران، شماره 11 و 12، 102-97 (1372).

     

    4.  M. Albu, D. Banks and H. Nash, “Mineral and thermal ground water resources,”  Chapman and Hall, London (1997).    

                           

    5.  E. L. Alpen, “Radiation biophysics,” Prentice-Hall International Editions, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. (1990).  

                                                                                  

    6.   J. E. Andrews, P. Brimblecombe, T. D. Jickells and P.S. Liss, “An introduction to environmental chemistry,” Blackwell, Norwich  (1997).                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                        

  1.    D. Banks, O. Royset, T. Strand and H. Skarphogen, “Radioelement (U, Th, Rn) concentrations in Norwegian bedrock                  groundwaters,” Environmental  Geology,  Vol.        25, 165-180 (1995).    

           

     

     

     
       

     

     

  2. B. A. Bolt, “Earthquakes,” W. H. Freeman and      Company, New York (1993).    

                                                

    9. D. B. Botkin and E. A. Keller, "Environmental science,” 3rd, ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York ( 2000).    

                                                           

    10. B. B. Botkin and R. P. Gupta, “Applied hydrogology of fractured rocks,” Kluwer Academic Publishers, London  (1999).                                                                                                                                                  

                                                              

    11. Chi Yo King, O. Walkingstick and D. Basler, “Radon in soil gas along active faults in central California,” U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 77-143 (1991).

                                                                                       

    12. K. D. Cliff, Radon, “Notes for postgraduate radiological protection course, National Radiological Protection Board,” (1980).                                                                                                                                     

                                                            

    13. N. K. Coch, “Geohazards, natural  and human,” Prentice-Hall, New Jercy (1995).

                                                       

    14. B. L. Cohen, “Questionnaire study of the lung cancer risk form radon in homes,” Health Physics Vol. 72, No. 4, 615-622 (1997).     

                                                                              

    15. B. L. Cohen, “Problems in the radon vs lung cancer test of the linear no-threshold theory and a procedure for resolving them,” Health Physics, Vol. 72, No. 4, 623-628 (1997).         

                  

    16. E. M. Durrance, “Radioactivity in geology, Principles and Applications,” Ellis Horwood Ltd, Chichester (1986).                  

                                

     

     

     

     

     

     

    17. T. M. Dyess, “Radon in buildings, in:      Environmental analysis and remediation,” ed., by R. A. Meyers, John Wiley and Sons, NewYork, 4018-4044 (1998).         

            

    18. R. L. Fleisher, and L. G. Turner, “Correlations of radon and carbon isotopic measurements with petroleum and natural gas at Cemment,” Oklahoma, Geophysics, Vol 49, 810-817 (1984).                                                                 

                                                      

    19. R. C. Fortman, “Measurement methods and instrumentation, in: radon prevalence,                      measurements, health risks and control,” ed. By: N. L. Nagda, ASTM PCN28 - 015094 -17, Philadelphia, Pa, Chapter 4, 46-66 (1994).                                                               

                                               

    20. C. Geiger and K. B. Barnes, “Indoor radon hazard: a geographical ssessment and case study,” Applied Geography, Vol 14. 350-371 (1994).                                                      

                                                          

    21. J. D. Hem, “Study and interprelation of the chemical characteristics of natural  waters,” 3rd. ed., United States Geological Survey Water Supply Paper, 2254 (1989).           

                                       

    22. P. K. Hundak, “Distribution of indoor radon concentrations and uranium-bearing rocks in Texas, Enviromental Geology,” Vol. 28 No. 1, 29-33  (1996).   

                                                 

    23. S. Hurlburt, “Radon: a real killer or just  and unsolved mystery? water well,” Journal, 34-41 (1989).                                                       

                                          

    24. E. A. Keller, “Environmental Geology,” Cherles E. Merrill Rub. Co. Columbus (1990).

                                                            

     25. R. W. Klusman, “Soil gas and related methods for natural resources exploration,” John Wiley and Sons, NewYork (1993).          

                                                                 

    26. E. O. Kuntson, and A. C. George, “Radon,     thoron, and decay products, in:                                environmental  aanlysis and remediation,” ed. By: R. A. Meyers,    John Wiley and Sons, New York, 4045-4068 (1998).            

                            

    27. G. M. Masters, “Introduction to environmental engineering and science,” Prentice - Hall International Editions Englewood, Cliff N. J. (1991).    

     

     

     
       

     


                               

                                            

     

    28. M. McNulty, “The radium waters of Bath, in:

     

          Hot springs of Bath ,” ed. By: G. A. Kellaway, Bath City Council, 65-70 (1991).  

     

      29. F. Medici and L. Rybach, “Measurements of  indoor radon concentrations and assessment of  radiation exposure,” Jouranl of Applied Geophysis, Vol 31, 153-163 (1994). 

                                                    

    30. G. T. Miller, “Living in the environment,” 10th ed. Wadsworth Pub. Co, Belmont (1998).       

     

    31. J. M. Miller and D. Ostle, “Radon measurements in uranium prospecting, in: uranium exploration methods,” (conference volume), Viena,  International  Atomic Energy Agency, 229-239 (1973).    

                                                                       

    32. J. G. Morse, M. H. Rana, and L.Morse, “Radon mapping as indicators of subsurface oil and gas,” Oil and Gas Journal, Vol 80, No(19), 227-246 (1982).                                                 

     

    33. W. W. Nazaroff, “Measurement techniques, in:  radon and its decay products in indoor air,” ed. By: W. W. Nazaroff and A. V. Nero, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 491-504 (1988).                                                              

                                                   

    34. F. K. North, “Petroleum geology,” Unwin Hyman, London (1985).                                  

                                           

    35. P. O. Neill, “Environmental chemistry,” 2nd ed., Chapman and Hall, London (1993).     

                                             

    36. C. Park, “The environment, principles and applications,” Routledge, London (1997). 

                                                                    

    37. H. Pazvash, “A method of radon detection in new buildings in: graves. B (ed.), Radon, radium and other radioactivity in ground  water, National  water Association,” Lewis Publisbers, Boca Raton, 491-497 (1987).

                       

    38. G. Pershagen, G. Akerblom, O. Axelson, B. Clavensjo, L. Damber, G. Desai, A. Enflo, F. Lagarde, H. Mellander, M. Suartengren, G. A. Swedjemark, “Residential radon exposure and lung cancer in Sweden,” New England  Journal of Medicine, Vol 330, 159-164 (1994).                                               

     

    39.K. T. Pickering and L. A. Owen, “An introduction to global environmental issues,”

     

     

          

          2nd, ed. Routledge, London (1997).               

     

    40. P. H. Rahn, “Engineering Geology, An environmental approach,” 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, New Jercy (1996).                  

                                                   

    41. A. S. Rogers, “Physical behavior and geologic control of radon in mountain streams,” U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1052-E, 187-211 (1958).                                                       

    42. M. H. Shapiro, “Comparison of radon monitoring techniques, the effects of thermoelastic strains on subsurface radon, and the development of a computer-operated radon monitoring  network for earthquake prediction,” U. S.Geological Survey Open- File Report, 80-896 (1980).                                                       

      

    43. B. B. S. Singhal, and R. P. Gupta, “Applied hydrogeology of fractured rocks,” Klawer Academic Publishers, London (1999).  

                                     

    44. Sohrabi, M. et al, “Determination of 222Rn levels in houses, schools, hotels of Ramsar by AEOI passive radon diffusion dosimeters,” Proceedings of International Congress of High Level Natureal Radiation, 365-374 (1990).

                                             

    45. M. Sohrabi, and A. R. Solaymanian, “Indoor radon level measurements in some regions of Iran,” Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, Vol.15, No. (1-4) (1988).     

    46. M. Sohrabi, and A. R. Solaymanian, “Indoor radon level measurements using the AEOI passive radon diffusion dosimeter,” Procecdings of the 7thInternational Congress of the International Radiation Protection Association, Vol. 1, Sydney, Australia (1988).    

                                             

    47. W. M. Telford, “Radon mapping in the search for uranium, in : developments in geophysical exploration methods,” ed. By: A. A. Fitch, Vol. 4, Elsevier, Barking (1983).       

                                              

    48. P. T. Underhill, “Naturally occurring  radioactive material, principles and  practices,” St. Luke Press, DelrayBeach (1996).                                            

                                              

  1. H. Wakita, Y. Nakamura and Y. Sano, “Ground water radon variation reflecting changes in regional stress fileds,in: practical approaches to earthquale prediction and warning,” ed. By: C. Kissilinger and T. Rikitake, Reidel Pub. Co, Dordrecht (1985). 

                                       

    50. R. S. Yalow, “Radioactivity and society,” The Bent, 83,No.4, 156-167 (1992).                                                   

     

Keywords

  1. ، “زمین شناسی وپتانسیل مواد معدنی منطقه آبترش- چاروک)شمالشرق رفسنجان(،“ مرکز پژوهش دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان )1369(.

     

    2. م. سهرابی و ع.  سلیمانیان، “بررسی ویژگیهای دزیمتری پاسیو نـفـوذی گـاز رادون جهت تعیین پرتوگیری مردم در خانه‌های مـسـکونی،” نـشـریه علمی سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران شماره 9, 1-18 )1368(.

     

    3.  ه. میرزائی و م.  بیت الهی، “تغییرات پرتوزائی رادیوم-226 از چشمه های آبگرم رامسر،”  نشریه علمی سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران، شماره 11 و 12، 102-97 (1372).

     

    4.  M. Albu, D. Banks and H. Nash, “Mineral and thermal ground water resources,”  Chapman and Hall, London (1997).    

                           

    5.  E. L. Alpen, “Radiation biophysics,” Prentice-Hall International Editions, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. (1990).  

                                                                                  

    6.   J. E. Andrews, P. Brimblecombe, T. D. Jickells and P.S. Liss, “An introduction to environmental chemistry,” Blackwell, Norwich  (1997).                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                        

  1.    D. Banks, O. Royset, T. Strand and H. Skarphogen, “Radioelement (U, Th, Rn) concentrations in Norwegian bedrock                  groundwaters,” Environmental  Geology,  Vol.        25, 165-180 (1995).    

           

     

     

     
       

     

     

  2. B. A. Bolt, “Earthquakes,” W. H. Freeman and      Company, New York (1993).    

                                                

    9. D. B. Botkin and E. A. Keller, "Environmental science,” 3rd, ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York ( 2000).    

                                                           

    10. B. B. Botkin and R. P. Gupta, “Applied hydrogology of fractured rocks,” Kluwer Academic Publishers, London  (1999).                                                                                                                                                  

                                                              

    11. Chi Yo King, O. Walkingstick and D. Basler, “Radon in soil gas along active faults in central California,” U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 77-143 (1991).

                                                                                       

    12. K. D. Cliff, Radon, “Notes for postgraduate radiological protection course, National Radiological Protection Board,” (1980).                                                                                                                                     

                                                            

    13. N. K. Coch, “Geohazards, natural  and human,” Prentice-Hall, New Jercy (1995).

                                                       

    14. B. L. Cohen, “Questionnaire study of the lung cancer risk form radon in homes,” Health Physics Vol. 72, No. 4, 615-622 (1997).     

                                                                              

    15. B. L. Cohen, “Problems in the radon vs lung cancer test of the linear no-threshold theory and a procedure for resolving them,” Health Physics, Vol. 72, No. 4, 623-628 (1997).         

                  

    16. E. M. Durrance, “Radioactivity in geology, Principles and Applications,” Ellis Horwood Ltd, Chichester (1986).                  

                                

     

     

     

     

     

     

    17. T. M. Dyess, “Radon in buildings, in:      Environmental analysis and remediation,” ed., by R. A. Meyers, John Wiley and Sons, NewYork, 4018-4044 (1998).         

            

    18. R. L. Fleisher, and L. G. Turner, “Correlations of radon and carbon isotopic measurements with petroleum and natural gas at Cemment,” Oklahoma, Geophysics, Vol 49, 810-817 (1984).                                                                 

                                                      

    19. R. C. Fortman, “Measurement methods and instrumentation, in: radon prevalence,                      measurements, health risks and control,” ed. By: N. L. Nagda, ASTM PCN28 - 015094 -17, Philadelphia, Pa, Chapter 4, 46-66 (1994).                                                               

                                               

    20. C. Geiger and K. B. Barnes, “Indoor radon hazard: a geographical ssessment and case study,” Applied Geography, Vol 14. 350-371 (1994).                                                      

                                                          

    21. J. D. Hem, “Study and interprelation of the chemical characteristics of natural  waters,” 3rd. ed., United States Geological Survey Water Supply Paper, 2254 (1989).           

                                       

    22. P. K. Hundak, “Distribution of indoor radon concentrations and uranium-bearing rocks in Texas, Enviromental Geology,” Vol. 28 No. 1, 29-33  (1996).   

                                                 

    23. S. Hurlburt, “Radon: a real killer or just  and unsolved mystery? water well,” Journal, 34-41 (1989).                                                       

                                          

    24. E. A. Keller, “Environmental Geology,” Cherles E. Merrill Rub. Co. Columbus (1990).

                                                            

     25. R. W. Klusman, “Soil gas and related methods for natural resources exploration,” John Wiley and Sons, NewYork (1993).          

                                                                 

    26. E. O. Kuntson, and A. C. George, “Radon,     thoron, and decay products, in:                                environmental  aanlysis and remediation,” ed. By: R. A. Meyers,    John Wiley and Sons, New York, 4045-4068 (1998).            

                            

    27. G. M. Masters, “Introduction to environmental engineering and science,” Prentice - Hall International Editions Englewood, Cliff N. J. (1991).    

     

     

     
       

     


                               

                                            

     

    28. M. McNulty, “The radium waters of Bath, in:

     

          Hot springs of Bath ,” ed. By: G. A. Kellaway, Bath City Council, 65-70 (1991).  

     

      29. F. Medici and L. Rybach, “Measurements of  indoor radon concentrations and assessment of  radiation exposure,” Jouranl of Applied Geophysis, Vol 31, 153-163 (1994). 

                                                    

    30. G. T. Miller, “Living in the environment,” 10th ed. Wadsworth Pub. Co, Belmont (1998).       

     

    31. J. M. Miller and D. Ostle, “Radon measurements in uranium prospecting, in: uranium exploration methods,” (conference volume), Viena,  International  Atomic Energy Agency, 229-239 (1973).    

                                                                       

    32. J. G. Morse, M. H. Rana, and L.Morse, “Radon mapping as indicators of subsurface oil and gas,” Oil and Gas Journal, Vol 80, No(19), 227-246 (1982).                                                 

     

    33. W. W. Nazaroff, “Measurement techniques, in:  radon and its decay products in indoor air,” ed. By: W. W. Nazaroff and A. V. Nero, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 491-504 (1988).                                                              

                                                   

    34. F. K. North, “Petroleum geology,” Unwin Hyman, London (1985).                                  

                                           

    35. P. O. Neill, “Environmental chemistry,” 2nd ed., Chapman and Hall, London (1993).     

                                             

    36. C. Park, “The environment, principles and applications,” Routledge, London (1997). 

                                                                    

    37. H. Pazvash, “A method of radon detection in new buildings in: graves. B (ed.), Radon, radium and other radioactivity in ground  water, National  water Association,” Lewis Publisbers, Boca Raton, 491-497 (1987).

                       

    38. G. Pershagen, G. Akerblom, O. Axelson, B. Clavensjo, L. Damber, G. Desai, A. Enflo, F. Lagarde, H. Mellander, M. Suartengren, G. A. Swedjemark, “Residential radon exposure and lung cancer in Sweden,” New England  Journal of Medicine, Vol 330, 159-164 (1994).                                               

     

    39.K. T. Pickering and L. A. Owen, “An introduction to global environmental issues,”

     

     

          

          2nd, ed. Routledge, London (1997).               

     

    40. P. H. Rahn, “Engineering Geology, An environmental approach,” 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, New Jercy (1996).                  

                                                   

    41. A. S. Rogers, “Physical behavior and geologic control of radon in mountain streams,” U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1052-E, 187-211 (1958).                                                       

    42. M. H. Shapiro, “Comparison of radon monitoring techniques, the effects of thermoelastic strains on subsurface radon, and the development of a computer-operated radon monitoring  network for earthquake prediction,” U. S.Geological Survey Open- File Report, 80-896 (1980).                                                       

      

    43. B. B. S. Singhal, and R. P. Gupta, “Applied hydrogeology of fractured rocks,” Klawer Academic Publishers, London (1999).  

                                     

    44. Sohrabi, M. et al, “Determination of 222Rn levels in houses, schools, hotels of Ramsar by AEOI passive radon diffusion dosimeters,” Proceedings of International Congress of High Level Natureal Radiation, 365-374 (1990).

                                             

    45. M. Sohrabi, and A. R. Solaymanian, “Indoor radon level measurements in some regions of Iran,” Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, Vol.15, No. (1-4) (1988).     

    46. M. Sohrabi, and A. R. Solaymanian, “Indoor radon level measurements using the AEOI passive radon diffusion dosimeter,” Procecdings of the 7thInternational Congress of the International Radiation Protection Association, Vol. 1, Sydney, Australia (1988).    

                                             

    47. W. M. Telford, “Radon mapping in the search for uranium, in : developments in geophysical exploration methods,” ed. By: A. A. Fitch, Vol. 4, Elsevier, Barking (1983).       

                                              

    48. P. T. Underhill, “Naturally occurring  radioactive material, principles and  practices,” St. Luke Press, DelrayBeach (1996).                                            

                                              

  1. H. Wakita, Y. Nakamura and Y. Sano, “Ground water radon variation reflecting changes in regional stress fileds,in: practical approaches to earthquale prediction and warning,” ed. By: C. Kissilinger and T. Rikitake, Reidel Pub. Co, Dordrecht (1985). 

                                       

    50. R. S. Yalow, “Radioactivity and society,” The Bent, 83,No.4, 156-167 (1992).